great diseases test one

two meanings of medicine

science of healing, practice of the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease & promotion of health

OR

medications, drugs, and natural substances (plants/chemicals) to cure disease

Australopithecus (Greek “ape”)

genus of extinct hominids, closely related to the human genus Homo, potential ancestor, mainly ate fruits, veggies, and tubers

Lucy

one of oldest relatives, from ethiopia, 3.2 mil yrs old

why humans migrated

food security, population growth/crowding, disease outbreaks, climate change, crop failure

when did human migration start

70,000 yrs ago, from Africa

when did prehistoric societies evolve from nomadic lifestyles

10,000 years ago

where was the fertile crescent

present day Iraq, Syria, Egypt, Turkey, Iran; birth of agriculture, babylon

why was it called the fertile crescent?

modern agriculture, domestication of grasses/grains (wheat, rye, and barley)

why is the fertile crescent significant?

modern agriculture, domestication of pulses(legumes) and animals

civilizations developed writing starting with

cuneiform (writing based on wedge-like characters)

when + where was writing developed

middle east around 3500 BC

what was one of the earliest written records?

a recipe for making beer in cuneiform

effect of agriculture

an increase in population, animal husbandry(zoonoses), social organization

what was the road to plagues

crowding, less variation of plants and animals, night soil, manure, water contamination

geogaphy

eating soil-like substances for trace minerals

what would geogaphy treat

the use of clay externally/internally was for cuts and wounds

trepanning

drilling a hole into the human skull for the treatment of health problems/free victim of demons

concept of public health in prehistoric times

there was no concept of public health

common prehistoric diseases

osteoarthritis, micro-fractures of the spine and spondylolysis

prehistoric life expectancy

18-25, then from 25 to 40

prehistoric medicine

herbs (yarrow, mallow, rosemary, birch polypore)

shaman

in charge of tribe’s health and gathered plant-based medications and would perform rudimentary surgical procedures

disease

broadly refers to any condition that damages the normal function of the body

infectious disease

caused by infections w/ pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and helminths

diseases that we are familiar with did not exist until recently because

culture and technological advancements

1900 life expectancy

32y/o

2021 life expectancy

71y/o

leading causes of death in low-income countries

communicable diseases

leading causes of death in high-income countries

noncommunicable diseases

immunology

study of the immune system

types of wbcs/leukocytes

macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells

molecules in blood

antibodies, complement, cytokines

cells in blood

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils

immune system organs

tonsil, lymph node, thymus, spleen, Peyer’s patch, bone marrow, appendix, lymphatics

how do pathogens gain access to the body?

through mucosal surfaces or skin

first layer of body defense

physical/mechanical, chemical and microbiological barriers

second layer of body defense

innate immunity

third layer of body defense

adaptive immunity (acquired immunity)

two arms of the immune system

innate AND adaptive immunity

lysozyme

enzyme that can digest cell wall of gram-positive bacteria

urine flow flushes?

microbes from urethra

common sites of microbiota

mouth, gut, skin, respiratory tract, urinary tract, vagina

how much do commensal microorganisms in adults weigh

2-3kg of adult body weight

prebiotics

foster growth/activity of microorganisms

probiotics

live microorganisms that support well-being

difference between innate and adaptive immune system

the way intruding pathogens are recognized

innate immune cells recognize

groups of pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites)

adaptive immune cells recognize

unique molecular features (antigens)

innate immunity results in

inflammation and fleeting immunity

innate immunity molecules

cytokines, complement

role of innate immune system

controls infections and activates adaptive immunity

how long does it take for adaptive immunity to engage

5 days

adaptive immunity cells

B cells, T cells

adaptive immunity molecules

antibodies, cytokines

hematopoiesis

formation of blood cells from bone marrow derived stem cells

innate immunity cells

neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells

what are cytokines

small glycoproteins involved in signaling between cells through specific receptors

cytokine examples

interleukins, interferons

complement system

consists of several enzymes/proteins —> when activated they cause inflammation and killing of pathogens by tagging them for phagocytosis

adaptive immunity’s two arms

humoral (antibody) + cell-mediated (T-cell)

humoral immunity protects against

toxin-producing bacteria, extracellular bacteria, large parasites

cell-mediated immunity protects against

intracellular bacteria, fungal pathogens

types of t cells

helper T, cytotoxic T

what are antibodies

glycoproteins secreted by B cells that bind to antigens w/ high specificity

antibody binding leads to

neutralization of: viruses, toxins prod. by bacteria, pathogens by phagocytosis/complement

MHC molecules

proteins on cell surfaces that influence ability to produce T cell responses to an antigen

cytotoxic T cells kill

pathogen infected host cells

primary immune response

slow to build up and not very strong

secondary immune response

stronger response to infection by pathogen than primary response

Edward Jenner’s experiment

inoculated someone with cowpox, found that cowpox prevent against smallpox

when was smallpox eradicated and how much did it cost?

1978, $300 million

when was rinderpest eradicated?

2010

herd immunity

immunizing a large mass of a pop. to protect a community

R naught

calculation of the ability to spread of an infectious disease

miasma theory

diseases were caused by a poisonous air emanating from decaying organic matter

what did the miasma theory encourage?

cleanliness and paved the way for sanitation measures

four vital humors

yellow bile, black bile, phlegm, blood

Hippocratic medicine focused on

patient care and prognosis

theory of contagion

disease was spread by direct contact, soiled clothing, or through the air

who proposed the theory of contagion

girolamo fracastoro

who invented the microscope and is the father of microbiology

antonie van leeuwenhoek

theory of spontaneous generation

life can arise from nonliving matter

francesco redi’s experiment

maggots can only form when flies were allowed to lay eggs in the meat

lazzaro spallanzani’s experiment concluded

microorganisms come from outside air that had entered the flask and that microorganisms did not come from nonliving things

pasteur’s experiment

boiled broth to sterilize it, allowed air inside the flasks but prevented air-borne microorganisms

koch’s postulates

find it, grow it, inject it, and recover it

who used carbolic acid as a disinfectant

joseph lister

common prion diseases

kuru, CJD, mad cow disease, chronic wasting disease

what kind of microscope can you see viruses under?

electron microscope

what are the six links of the chain of infection

pathogen, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host

endemic disease

infection that occurs regularly

epidemic

sudden increases in frequency above endemic levels

outbreak

similar to epidemic but for a limited geographic area

pandemic

epidemic that has spread over several countries/continents