maslow's theory

explains that human beings have different levels of needs. lower needs to higher needs.

abraham maslow

person who made the 5 hierarchy of needs, 5 level of needs.

the 5 levels of needs

1. physiological needs

2. safety and security needs

3. love and belongingness needs

4. esteem needs

5. self actualization

sullivan’s transactional analysis

importance of interpersonal relationships. people who develop through their relationships and interactions with other people.

harry stack sullivans

person who made the 6 developmental stages

6 developmental stages

1. infancy

2. chilhood

3. suvenile era

4. preadolescence

5. early adolescence

6. late adolescence

infancy

birth to 18 months

chilhood

18m to 6 years

suvenile era

6 to 9 years

preadolescence

9 to 12 years

early adolescence

12 to 14 years

late adolescence

14 to adulthood

Maslow's Human Needs Theory / Hierarchy of Needs

Proposed by Abraham Maslow, it explains that human beings have different levels of needs, with lower-level needs needing to be met before focusing on higher-level needs.

Physiological Needs

The basic needs necessary for survival including oxygen, food, water, elimination, sleep, rest, and temperature regulation.

Safety and Security Needs

The need to feel protected and safe, including protection from injury, safe environment, stability, freedom from danger, and security.

Love and Belongingness Needs

The need for relationships and acceptance, including family, friends, love, affection, acceptance, and social interaction.

Esteem Needs

The need to feel valued, respected, capable, and confident, including self-respect, recognition, achievement, independence, and confidence.

Self-Actualization

The desire to reach one's full potential through personal growth, creativity, achieving goals, and developing one's abilities.

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

Proposed by Jean Piaget, it describes how children think, reason, and understand the world through four stages.

Sensorimotor Stage (Birth–2 years)

Children learn through senses and movement; important concept is object permanence, where they understand that objects still exist when not seen.

Preoperational Stage (2–7 years)

Children develop language, symbolic thinking, and imagination but have limitations like egocentrism and animism.

Concrete Operational Stage (7–11 years)

Children develop logical thinking involving concrete objects; important concept is conservation, understanding quantity remains the same despite appearance changes.

Formal Operational Stage (12 years–adulthood)

Individuals develop abstract thinking, hypothetical reasoning, and complex problem-solving.

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

Proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg, it focuses on how people develop moral reasoning through three levels and six stages.

Level I — Preconventional Morality

Concerned with punishment and reward; includes Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment, and Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange.

Level II — Conventional Morality

Concerned with social approval and rules; includes Stage 3: Good Boy/Good Girl Orientation, and Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation.

Level III — Postconventional Morality

Understanding that moral decisions can go beyond existing rules; includes Stage 5: Social Contract, and Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles.