Studied by 0 PeopleTags & Description
Phrenology
Bumps of skull represented mental abilities
Founder of phrenology
Franz Gall
Neural communication
Humans and animals operate similarly when processing information
Brain wrinkles and intelligence relationship
The more wrinkles the more smart you are
Neurons
100 billion of them, serves as messenger, is unique because of their shape and function
Dendrites
recieve messages from other cells
Axon
Sends messages to other neurons
Myelin sheath
Substance that covers axon
Neural impulse
Signal traveling from dendrite to axon
Gilal cells
Cells that support/protect neurons
Astrocytes
Nutrition to neurons
Oligodendrocytes/schwann
Insulate neurons as myelin
Polarized neuron
When neuron is not firing, sodium flows in, outside is more positive charged inside is more negative charged
Axon surface is...
Selectively permeable
When a neuron fires, it has an...
neural impulse, caused by movement of positive ions in and out of membrane
Sodium potassium pumps
Pump sodium ions out of neuron making them ready for another neural impulse
All or none response
Neurons either fire or they don’t once they reach an absolute threshold
Synapse
Gap between two cells where they can pass messages to communicate
Neurotransmitters
How neurons communicate
Reuptake
Neurotransmitter's reabsorption by sending neuron
Lock and key mechanism
Neurotransmitters bind to receptors of receiving neuron in key lock mechanism
Excitatory vs inhibitory neurotransmitter
Excitatory opens neuron to fit key to promote action potential, inhibitory fits one key and stops others depressing action potential
Acetylcholine
E Neurotransmitter that helps motor movement and memory. Undersupply results in alzheimers/paralysis
Dopamine
E/I Neurotransmitter that helps alertness and pleasure. Undersupply results in parkinson’s disease. Oversupply results in schizo
GABA
Most common inhibitory neurotransmitter. Undersupply results in anxiety or epilepsy
Glutamate
Most common exhibitory neurotransmitter important for memory. Oversupply results in ALS and seizures
Endorphins
I neurotransmitter that alleviates pain. Undersupply results in chronic pain
Serotonin
I neurotransmitter that helps with mood and sensory perception. Undersupply results in depression. Oversupply results in anxiety
Substance P
Neurotransmitter relates to pain
Norepinephrine
E neurotransmitter that relates to arousal. Undersupply results in depression
Vesicles
Store neurotransmitters which are released at synaptic cleft
Agonists
Mimic neurotransmitters
Antagonists
Block neurotransmitters
Psychoactive drugs
Tolerance, physical dependence, withdrawal
Depressants
Slow down central nervous system (alcohol, opiates)
Opiates
Suppress pain, induce sleep and euphoria (opium, oxy, heroin)
Hallucinogens
Alter perception and create hallucination (LSD, shrooms)
Stimulants
Speed up activities (caffeine, nicotine, cocaine)
Reuptake inhibitor
Antidepressant
Nerves
Neural cables containing many axons
Sensory (Afferent) neurons
Sensory organs to brain (INPUT)
Motor (Efferent) neurons
Brain to muscles (OUTPUT)
Effector cells
Respond to stimulus at end of neuron
Interneurons
Carry information between other neurons
Autonomic nervous system
Regulates function of internal organs and involuntary responses
Somatic nervous system
Regulates voluntary movements
Sympathetic nervous system
Arousing nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Calming nervous system
Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
Nerves
Refractory period
After a neuron fires an action potential it pauses for a short period to recharge itself again
Endocrine system
Body’s chemical commmunication system
Hormones
Carries out communication
How do hormones affect your behavior?
They affect energy levels, mood, growth of body structures
Pituitary gland
Produces many hormones
Thyroid gland
Affects metabolism
Parathyroids
Regulates level of calcium in blood
Adrenal glands
Triggers sympathetic system
Pancreas
Regulates level of sugar in blood
Brain lesion
Destroys brain tissue to study animal behaviors
Autopsy
Post death study of brain to compare brain changes with behavior
Clinical observations
They shed light on number of brain disorders
EEG
Amplified recording of electrical waves across brain surface
CT scan
Xray photograph
PET scan
Radioactive form of glucose
MRI
Magnetic fields and radio waves to examine different types of brain tissue
fMRI
Looks at brain functioning by examining changes in blood flow
Brainstem
Oldest part of brain responsible for automatic survival functions
Medulla
Basic life functioning and reflexes
Pons
Sleep wake cycle
Reticular formation
Alertness to incoming stimuli
Cerebellum
Movement
Thalamus
Sensory except smell
Limbic system
Doughnut shaped system associated with fear, aggression, and drives for food and sex
Amygdala
Clusters linked to fear and aggression
Hypothalamus
Controls 4 F’s, body temperature, and endocrine system
The 4 F’s
Fight, flee, feed, fornicate
Ventromedial hypothalamus
Suppresses hunger
Lateral hypothalamus
Increases hunger
An increase in ghrelin…
Increases hunger
An increase in insulin
Decreases hunger
Reward deficiency syndrome
People crave whatever provides missing pleasure
Hippocampus
Associated with memory
Cerebral cortex
Body’s ultimate control and processing center