Biological bases pyschology

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Psychology

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129 Terms

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Phrenology
Bumps of skull represented mental abilities
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Founder of phrenology
Franz Gall
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Neural communication
Humans and animals operate similarly when processing information
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Brain wrinkles and intelligence relationship
The more wrinkles the more smart you are
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Neurons
100 billion of them, serves as messenger, is unique because of their shape and function
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Dendrites
recieve messages from other cells
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Axon
Sends messages to other neurons
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Myelin sheath
Substance that covers axon
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Neural impulse
Signal traveling from dendrite to axon
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Gilal cells
Cells that support/protect neurons
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Astrocytes
Nutrition to neurons
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Oligodendrocytes/schwann
Insulate neurons as myelin
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Polarized neuron
When neuron is not firing, sodium flows in, outside is more positive charged inside is more negative charged
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Axon surface is...
Selectively permeable
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When a neuron fires, it has an...
neural impulse, caused by movement of positive ions in and out of membrane
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Sodium potassium pumps
Pump sodium ions out of neuron making them ready for another neural impulse
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All or none response
Neurons either fire or they don’t once they reach an absolute threshold
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Synapse
Gap between two cells where they can pass messages to communicate
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Neurotransmitters
How neurons communicate
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Reuptake
Neurotransmitter's reabsorption by sending neuron
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Lock and key mechanism
Neurotransmitters bind to receptors of receiving neuron in key lock mechanism
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Excitatory vs inhibitory neurotransmitter
Excitatory opens neuron to fit key to promote action potential, inhibitory fits one key and stops others depressing action potential
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Acetylcholine
E Neurotransmitter that helps motor movement and memory. Undersupply results in alzheimers/paralysis
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Dopamine
E/I Neurotransmitter that helps alertness and pleasure. Undersupply results in parkinson’s disease. Oversupply results in schizo
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GABA
Most common inhibitory neurotransmitter. Undersupply results in anxiety or epilepsy
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Glutamate
Most common exhibitory neurotransmitter important for memory. Oversupply results in ALS and seizures
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Endorphins
I neurotransmitter that alleviates pain. Undersupply results in chronic pain
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Serotonin
I neurotransmitter that helps with mood and sensory perception. Undersupply results in depression. Oversupply results in anxiety
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Substance P
Neurotransmitter relates to pain
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Norepinephrine
E neurotransmitter that relates to arousal. Undersupply results in depression
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Vesicles
Store neurotransmitters which are released at synaptic cleft
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Agonists
Mimic neurotransmitters
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Antagonists
Block neurotransmitters
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Psychoactive drugs
Tolerance, physical dependence, withdrawal
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Depressants
Slow down central nervous system (alcohol, opiates)
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Opiates
Suppress pain, induce sleep and euphoria (opium, oxy, heroin)
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Hallucinogens
Alter perception and create hallucination (LSD, shrooms)
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Stimulants
Speed up activities (caffeine, nicotine, cocaine)
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Reuptake inhibitor
Antidepressant
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Nerves
Neural cables containing many axons
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Sensory (Afferent) neurons
Sensory organs to brain (INPUT)
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Motor (Efferent) neurons
Brain to muscles (OUTPUT)
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Effector cells
Respond to stimulus at end of neuron
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Interneurons
Carry information between other neurons
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Autonomic nervous system
Regulates function of internal organs and involuntary responses
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Somatic nervous system
Regulates voluntary movements
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Sympathetic nervous system
Arousing nervous system
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Parasympathetic nervous system
Calming nervous system
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Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
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Peripheral nervous system
Nerves
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Refractory period
After a neuron fires an action potential it pauses for a short period to recharge itself again
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Endocrine system
Body’s chemical commmunication system
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Hormones
Carries out communication
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How do hormones affect your behavior?
They affect energy levels, mood, growth of body structures
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Pituitary gland
Produces many hormones
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Thyroid gland
Affects metabolism
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Parathyroids
Regulates level of calcium in blood
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Adrenal glands
Triggers sympathetic system
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Pancreas
Regulates level of sugar in blood
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Brain lesion
Destroys brain tissue to study animal behaviors
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Autopsy
Post death study of brain to compare brain changes with behavior
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Clinical observations
They shed light on number of brain disorders
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EEG
Amplified recording of electrical waves across brain surface
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CT scan
Xray photograph
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PET scan
Radioactive form of glucose
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MRI
Magnetic fields and radio waves to examine different types of brain tissue
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fMRI
Looks at brain functioning by examining changes in blood flow
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Brainstem
Oldest part of brain responsible for automatic survival functions
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Medulla
Basic life functioning and reflexes
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Pons
Sleep wake cycle
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Reticular formation
Alertness to incoming stimuli
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Cerebellum
Movement
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Thalamus
Sensory except smell
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Limbic system
Doughnut shaped system associated with fear, aggression, and drives for food and sex
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Amygdala
Clusters linked to fear and aggression
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Hypothalamus
Controls 4 F’s, body temperature, and endocrine system
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The 4 F’s
Fight, flee, feed, fornicate
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Ventromedial hypothalamus
Suppresses hunger
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Lateral hypothalamus
Increases hunger
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An increase in ghrelin…
Increases hunger
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An increase in insulin
Decreases hunger
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Reward deficiency syndrome
People crave whatever provides missing pleasure
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Hippocampus
Associated with memory
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Cerebral cortex
Body’s ultimate control and processing center
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Frontal lobes
Decision making and movement
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Parietal lobes
Spatial processing
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Occipital lobes
Visual info
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Temporal lobes
Auditory processing and facial recognition
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Motor cortex
Control voluntary movements
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Somatosensory cortex
Body sensations
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Association areas
Areas of cerebral cortex that are involved in higher mental functions
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Animals and association areas
More intelligent animals have increased association areas
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Aphasia
Impairment of language
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Broca’s area
Impaired speaking
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Wemicke’s area
Impaired understanding
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Plasticity
Brain’s ability to modify after an injury
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Neurogenesis
Formation of new neurons wihch happens from adulthood
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Long term potentiation
The more you use a neural pathway, it creates dendrites
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Neural networks
Interconnected neural cells
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Splitting brain
Isolating two hemispheres by cutting connecting fibers from corpus callosum