Biological bases pyschology

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Phrenology

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Phrenology

Bumps of skull represented mental abilities

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Founder of phrenology

Franz Gall

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Neural communication

Humans and animals operate similarly when processing information

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Brain wrinkles and intelligence relationship

The more wrinkles the more smart you are

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Neurons

100 billion of them, serves as messenger, is unique because of their shape and function

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Dendrites

recieve messages from other cells

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Axon

Sends messages to other neurons

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Myelin sheath

Substance that covers axon

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Neural impulse

Signal traveling from dendrite to axon

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Gilal cells

Cells that support/protect neurons

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Astrocytes

Nutrition to neurons

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Oligodendrocytes/schwann

Insulate neurons as myelin

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Polarized neuron

When neuron is not firing, sodium flows in, outside is more positive charged inside is more negative charged

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Axon surface is...

Selectively permeable

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When a neuron fires, it has an...

neural impulse, caused by movement of positive ions in and out of membrane

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Sodium potassium pumps

Pump sodium ions out of neuron making them ready for another neural impulse

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All or none response

Neurons either fire or they don’t once they reach an absolute threshold

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Synapse

Gap between two cells where they can pass messages to communicate

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Neurotransmitters

How neurons communicate

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Reuptake

Neurotransmitter's reabsorption by sending neuron

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Lock and key mechanism

Neurotransmitters bind to receptors of receiving neuron in key lock mechanism

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Excitatory vs inhibitory neurotransmitter

Excitatory opens neuron to fit key to promote action potential, inhibitory fits one key and stops others depressing action potential

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Acetylcholine

E Neurotransmitter that helps motor movement and memory. Undersupply results in alzheimers/paralysis

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Dopamine

E/I Neurotransmitter that helps alertness and pleasure. Undersupply results in parkinson’s disease. Oversupply results in schizo

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GABA

Most common inhibitory neurotransmitter. Undersupply results in anxiety or epilepsy

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Glutamate

Most common exhibitory neurotransmitter important for memory. Oversupply results in ALS and seizures

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Endorphins

I neurotransmitter that alleviates pain. Undersupply results in chronic pain

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Serotonin

I neurotransmitter that helps with mood and sensory perception. Undersupply results in depression. Oversupply results in anxiety

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Substance P

Neurotransmitter relates to pain

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Norepinephrine

E neurotransmitter that relates to arousal. Undersupply results in depression

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Vesicles

Store neurotransmitters which are released at synaptic cleft

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Agonists

Mimic neurotransmitters

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Antagonists

Block neurotransmitters

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Psychoactive drugs

Tolerance, physical dependence, withdrawal

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Depressants

Slow down central nervous system (alcohol, opiates)

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Opiates

Suppress pain, induce sleep and euphoria (opium, oxy, heroin)

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Hallucinogens

Alter perception and create hallucination (LSD, shrooms)

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Stimulants

Speed up activities (caffeine, nicotine, cocaine)

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Reuptake inhibitor

Antidepressant

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Nerves

Neural cables containing many axons

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Sensory (Afferent) neurons

Sensory organs to brain (INPUT)

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Motor (Efferent) neurons

Brain to muscles (OUTPUT)

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Effector cells

Respond to stimulus at end of neuron

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Interneurons

Carry information between other neurons

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Autonomic nervous system

Regulates function of internal organs and involuntary responses

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Somatic nervous system

Regulates voluntary movements

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Sympathetic nervous system

Arousing nervous system

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Parasympathetic nervous system

Calming nervous system

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Central nervous system

Brain and spinal cord

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Peripheral nervous system

Nerves

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Refractory period

After a neuron fires an action potential it pauses for a short period to recharge itself again

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Endocrine system

Body’s chemical commmunication system

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Hormones

Carries out communication

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How do hormones affect your behavior?

They affect energy levels, mood, growth of body structures

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Pituitary gland

Produces many hormones

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Thyroid gland

Affects metabolism

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Parathyroids

Regulates level of calcium in blood

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Adrenal glands

Triggers sympathetic system

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Pancreas

Regulates level of sugar in blood

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Brain lesion

Destroys brain tissue to study animal behaviors

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Autopsy

Post death study of brain to compare brain changes with behavior

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Clinical observations

They shed light on number of brain disorders

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EEG

Amplified recording of electrical waves across brain surface

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CT scan

Xray photograph

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PET scan

Radioactive form of glucose

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MRI

Magnetic fields and radio waves to examine different types of brain tissue

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fMRI

Looks at brain functioning by examining changes in blood flow

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Brainstem

Oldest part of brain responsible for automatic survival functions

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Medulla

Basic life functioning and reflexes

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Pons

Sleep wake cycle

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Reticular formation

Alertness to incoming stimuli

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Cerebellum

Movement

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Thalamus

Sensory except smell

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Limbic system

Doughnut shaped system associated with fear, aggression, and drives for food and sex

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Amygdala

Clusters linked to fear and aggression

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Hypothalamus

Controls 4 F’s, body temperature, and endocrine system

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The 4 F’s

Fight, flee, feed, fornicate

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Ventromedial hypothalamus

Suppresses hunger

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Lateral hypothalamus

Increases hunger

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An increase in ghrelin…

Increases hunger

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An increase in insulin

Decreases hunger

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Reward deficiency syndrome

People crave whatever provides missing pleasure

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Hippocampus

Associated with memory

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Cerebral cortex

Body’s ultimate control and processing center

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