AP Chem Unit 1 Review - Chemical Reactions

Synthesis Reactions

when elements or simple coumpounds are combined to form a single, more complex coumpound

Decomposition

the opposite of synthesis. a reaction in which a single compound is split into tow or more elements or simple coumpounds, usually in the presencne of heat

Acid-Base Reaction

a reaction when an acid reacts with a base to form water and a salt

Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reaction

a reaction that results in the change of the oxidation states of some participating species

Hydrocarbon Combustion

when a covalent substance containing carbon and hydrogen is ignited, it reacfts with the oxygen in the atmosphere. the products are alwyas CO2 and H2O

Precipitation

when two aqaueous solutions mix, sometimes a new cation/anion pairing can create an insoluable salt (solid).

Spectator ions

ions that start as free ions and end as free ions (do not contribute)

Soulubility Rules

1. compounds with an alkali metal cation (Na+, Li+, K+, etc.) or ammonium cation (NH4+) are always soluble.

2. Coumpounds with an nitrate (NO3-) anion are always soluable

Hydroxide

OH -

Nitrate

NO3 -

Acetate

C2H3O2 -

Cyanide

CN -

Permanganate

MnO4 -

Carbonate

CO3 -

Sulfate

SO4 -2

Dichromate

Cr2O7 -2

Phosphate

PO4 -3

Ammonium

NH4 +

1 mol of gas at STP

22.4 L

Law of Conservation of Mass

Matter cannot be created nor destroyed

Gavimetric Analysis

a soluble smaple of an unkown compound is mixed with another solution that will cause one of the ions from the unkown sample to fully precipate out. stoichiometric conversions will reveal the mass of the ion in the unkown, which allows for a mass percent calculation

Oxidation state assigning rules

1) neutral atoms have a state of zero

2) ion's oxidation state equals ion's charge

3) oxygen is -2

4) bonded to metal: H = +1, bonded to nonmetal: H = -1

5) elements in compound will take an oxidation state of their most likely charge

6) combined oxidation states must be neutral or equal charge of coumpound

If it's oxidation number decreases…

an atom gains electrons and it is said to have been reduced

If it's oxidation number increases…

an atom loses electrons and it is said to have been oxidized

LEO GER

Lose Electron in Oxidation, Gain Electrons in Reduction

Titration

involves the slow addition of a solution at a known concentration to another solution of unkown concentration in order to determine the concentration of the unkown solution

Half reactions

one for oxidation and one for reduction

Bronsted-Lowry Acid

a substance that is capable of donating a proton, which is the same as donating an H+ ion

Bronsted-Lowry Base

a substance that is capable of accepting a proton, which the same as accepting an H+ ion

Conjugate pair

connected acids and bases in a reversible reaction

Amphoteric

any substance that can act as an acid or base

Halide anions

anions of halogens (Family 7)

Alkali metals

group 1