bios242 unit 4 e questions

HEPA filters are used to remove microbes from what?

Air

Swabbing the skin with an alcohol prep pad prior to injection is an example of:

Antisepsis

Chlorine is what type of substance used to disinfect water?​​

Halogen

Which are the most resistant infectious organisms/particles?​

Endospores

Antimicrobial agents work better under what conditions?

High temperature

How is sterilization achieved?

Steam autoclave

Which microbial control method specifically targets the microorganisms on living tissues, often using antimicrobial agents?

Antisepsis​

Which term describes a microbial control agent that destroys bacteria?

Bactericide

Which types of microorganisms are known for their exceptional resistance to many antimicrobial methods, making them the standard target for sterilization?​​

Bacterial endospores​

Which method of physical control of microorganisms involves using UV light to damage the DNA of pathogens, inhibiting their replication and survival?​

Non-ionizing radiation​

Which method of physical control involves the removal of moisture from microorganisms, preventing their metabolic activities and potentially leading to their death?​

Desiccation​

_____ heat is more rapidly effective and efficient compared to _____ heat.

Moist; dry

Antimicrobials dissolved in pure alcohol or water-alcohol solutions are called:

Tinctures​

What class of chemical agents disrupts cell membranes?​

Detergents

Which microorganism is the primary target for azole drugs?​

Fungi​

What is the primary factor contributing to the development of antibiotic resistance among bacterial populations?​

Overuse of antibiotics​

Which events lead to the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria?

Horizontal gene transfer, such as conjugation​ and spontaneous mutations in bacterial chromosomes​

Which antibiotic, considered a narrow-spectrum drug, is primarily effective against mycobacteria?​

Polymyxin​

Which antibiotic functions by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis at the 50S ribosomal subunit?​​ 

Azithromycin

Which is not a mechanism of drug resistance?​

Mutations in target genes​

Which antibiotic is considered a broad-spectrum drug?

Tetracycline​

A patient presents with mild cold symptoms and, despite the viral nature of the illness, the physician prescribes a broad-spectrum antibiotic. This scenario is an example of what?

Overuse of antibiotics​

What process allows bacteria to acquire antibiotic-resistance genes from other bacteria, often through mechanisms like conjugation, transformation, or transduction?​

Horizontal gene transfer ​

A patient presents with a fungal skin infection. Which drug choice is the most appropriate for treatment?

Ketoconazole​

Which antimicrobials are effective against a wide variety of microbial types?

Broad-spectrum drugs

Which of the following is a mechanism of antibiotic resistance?

Increased removal of drug from cell

Some antibiotics inhibit a crucial metabolic pathway in bacteria, preventing the synthesis of an essential molecule. Which metabolic pathway is targeted by antibiotics like sulfonamides and trimethoprim?​

Folic acid synthesis ​

Antiviral drugs that interfere with the release of new virus particles from infected cells typically fall into which category of action?​

Block exit​

What is the term for the objective evidence of disease noted by an observer? 

Sign

Which term is used to describe the community of microorganisms that inhabit a specific environment, such as the human body, often living in symbiosis with the host?

Microbiota​

Which mode of disease transmission occurs from mother to child via the placenta or milk?

Vertical transmission​

Babies acquire their microbiota from many sources, but not from:

Bug bites

When an infection is localized at a specific site in the body and may serve as a source spreading to other tissues or organs, what is it called?​

Focal infection​

What term describes insect vectors that carry microbes on their bodies?​

Mechanical vectors​

In which pattern of infection does the pathogen spread throughout the body, affecting multiple organs and tissues, often leading to severe illness?​

Systemic infection​

Within the human microbiota, some microorganisms typically exist as harmless residents but can become pathogenic under certain conditions, causing infections. What term best describes these microorganisms?​

Opportunistic pathogens​

In the progression of infectious diseases, which stage is characterized by the appearance of mild, non-specific symptoms that often precede the full onset of the disease and may serve as an early warning sign?​

Prodromal​

What is the term for a toxin that is a component of the outer membrane of certain Gram-negative bacteria and is released when the bacteria are damaged or die, contributing to symptoms of infection?

Endotoxin​

What bacterial structure is known to protect pathogens from phagocytosis by host immune cells?​

Capsule

How do most humans primarily acquire their initial microbiota during birth?​

Passage through the birth canal​

After caring for a patient with an infectious disease, a healthcare worker touches and contaminates a doorknob. A colleague later touches the doorknob and then touches their face, leading to an infection. What term best describes the inanimate object that served as the intermediary in this transmission?​

Fomite​

A nurse working in the medical surgical unit of the hospital is most likely to be what kind of infectious agent carrier?​

Passive​

What is the purpose of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)?

Protect public health

When is an infectious disease classified as an endemic?

Cases occur frequently in one geographic location

What is the study of the frequency and distribution of a disease in a defined population called?

Epidemiology

When is an infectious disease outbreak classified as an epidemic?

There are more instances of a disease than expected.​

How would an epidemiologist classify a scenario where several people develop food poisoning several hours after eating hamburgers at a barbecue?​

Point-source epidemic

The total number of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals living in the United States is described using what term​?

Prevalence

In 2020, the world was stunned by the appearance of COVID-19. How would you categorize the rise of this disease?​

Emerging

In 2009, there were more cases of influenza than expected due to a new viral strain called H1N1. This outbreak is described as what?

Epidemic

The virus that causes COVID-19 spreads by direct and indirect contact from person to person. How would you categorize an epidemic that spreads through a community in this manner?

Group epidemic​

Point-source epidemic​

Common-source epidemic

Propagated epidemic​

What term describes the number of new cases of a disease over a specific period of time?

Incidence

The prevalence rate of tuberculosis in one particular county in Texas is 7/1000 people, while the incidence rate for 2011 is 2/1000 people. Analyze this data and summarize the situation.

Prevalence rate is higher because it includes all tuberculosis cases, including the newly infected people counted in the incidence rate.​

The numbers of infectious diseases are increasing in part due to infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In the past, these microbes were not resistant to antibiotics and were easily destroyed by antibiotics. How would you classify the increasing prevalence of diseases caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria?​

Reemerging

What conditions led to the classification of COVID-19 as a pandemic?​

The detection of COVID-19 infections on more than one continent

The disease, Dengue fever, is endemic in Central and South America. A recent case of Dengue fever in Los Angeles, CA would be classified as​ what?

Sporadic

The first person infected in an epidemic is the​ what?

Index case​