Studied by 3 People
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abstract
words are not concrete or tangible items; they are only representations
accent
nonverbal behaviors that augment a verbal message
acceptance
third step of the persuasion process in which the audience accepts that the issue is relevant to them
alliteration
repeating the same consonant or vowel sound at the beginning of subsequent words
ambiguous
language that does not have precise, concrete meanings
antithesis
when two ideas that sharply contrast with one another are put side by side in a parallel structure
arbitrary
symbols used to represent things that are not intrinsically connected to those things
archetypal metaphors
metaphors that use common human experiences to describe another object
artistic proof
constructed by the speaker for the occasion; concerns ethos, pathos, and logos
autocratic leadership
a style of leadership in which a leader tells group members what they should do
awareness
first stage of the persuasion process in which you focus the audience’s attention on the issue and show why the issue is important
bias
an unfair preference or distortion of information
bookend group presentation
a group presentation in which the first speaker is also the last speaker, providing both the introduction and conclusion for the group
bookend story
a narrative in which the speaker tells the first part of a story as an attention getter in the introduction of his/her speech and then finishes the story in the closer at the end of the conclusion
brief example
an example that makes a very quick point and can be effective at any point in a speech
categorical syllogism
a syllogism in which the argument is based on membership in a group
channel
the media through which an encoded message is transmitted from a source to a receiver
clincher
the final statement of your speech
communication apprehension
the fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with another or others
complement
when the action demonstrates the message contained in the verbal content
comprehension
stage of the persuasion process in which the audience understands the relevant components of the issue and the position that you want them to take
conditional syllogism
a syllogism in which the major premise contains a hypothetical condition and its outcome
coordination
all information on the same level has the same significance
dais
a table at which people sit in the front of the room
decoding
process of drawing meaning from the symbols that were used to encode a message
deductive reasoning
an argument that reasons from known premises to an inevitable conclusion
democratic leadership
a style of leadership in which a leader finds a balanced emphasis on task and maintenance dimensions in a group
demographics
categories of definable characteristics of groups of people, such as age, race, religion, socioeconomic status, education level, and sexual orientation
derived credibility
the form of credibility that manifests itself during your presentation
disjunctive syllogism
a syllogism in which the major premise includes two or more mutually exclusive alternatives
division
principle that if a point is divided into subpoints, there must be two or more subpoints
encoding
taking an abstract notion and providing it with meaning through the application of symbols
ethics
involve morals and the specific moral choices to be made by a person
ethos
the credibility of the speaker
expert testimony
testimony from someone who has conducted extensive research on the topic, has significant experience with the topic, or holds a position that lends credibility to their ideas on the subject matter
extemporaneous speech
a speech delivered with notes but without the entire speech in front of the speaker
extended example
an example that takes time, and the importance lies in the details
feedback
the receiver’s response to a message that is sent to the sender
figurative analogy
when the two cases being compared are from completely different classifications
general purpose statement
a brief statement representing what you aim to do with the speech; there are three types
global plagiarism
taking an entire piece of work and saying that it is your own
hierarchical
language that is structured according to more or less, higher or lower
histogram
a visual representation of a frequency table in which the categories are placed on the horizontal axis and the vertical bars are used to represent the number (or frequency) of individuals that fit into that category
hypothetical example
an example that is fictional
impromptu speech
a presentation done with little or no preparation
inartistic proofs
all the evidence, data, and documents that exist outside of the speaker and the audience, but nevertheless can aid in persuasion
incremental plagiarism
using part of someone else’s work and not citing it as a source
inductive reasoning
an argument that comes to a probable, instead of an absolute, conclusion
initial credibility
the credibility that you have with the audience before you begin your speech that is based on your experience and the audience’s prior knowledge about you
integration
the fourth step of the persuasive process in which the audience adopts the position that you want them to take
interactive model of communication
communication theory that views communication as a two-way process that includes feedback and the environment
internal summary
a statement that summarizes what you have already covered and precedes transitions
internal preview
serves as an outline of what is to come next in a speech and is often combined with transition statements
issue awareness
first stage of the persuasion process, in which you focus the audience’s attention on the issue and show why the issue is important
laissez-faire leadership
the style of leadership in which the leader provides little direction on the task and makes little effort to develop or maintain relationships between group members
leader-as-completer approach
a leadership approach in which the leader is the person who is responsible for completing tasks that are not finished or undertaken by other group members
linear model of communication
theory that views communication as a one-way process in which a source conveys an encoded message through a channel to a receiver, who then decodes that message
literal analogy
when the two cases being compared are classified the same way
logos
the logical dimension of the appeal
manuscript speech
when a speaker has an entire speech written out word-for-word in front of them as they speak
measures of central tendency
statistics that indicate where the middle of a distribution lies, including the mean, median, and mode
memorized speech
when a speaker commits an entire speech to memory and delivers it with no notes in front of them
message
the content or idea that the source tries to convey to the audience
metaphor
linguistic device that allows for comparisons between two objects by highlighting qualities of each object in explicit comparison
metonymy
using a tangible object to represent an otherwise intangible thing
mixed metaphor
metaphors that compare two objects that have no logical connection with each other
moderator
a person who acts as the coordinator of the discussion flow and ensures a civil, organized, and complete delivery of information to the audience
necessary cause
a cause that must be present for an effect to happen
noise
anything that can change the message after the sources encodes and sends it
object
the thing being discussed, not a model or representation of that thing
panel group presentation
a group presentation in which individual speakers present their ideas on a single topic or a subset of a topic
parallelism
similarly structuring related words, phrases, or clauses of speech
patchworking
a speaker or writer takes original source material and changes a few words in it, but not enough to consider it a paraphrase, all the while not citing the original source material
patchwork plagiarism
taking ideas from more than one piece of work and putting them together into a new piece of work, and then presenting them as original work without giving due credit to the sources
pathos
the emotional dimensions of the appeal that can influence an audience’s disposition toward the topic, speaker, or occasion
peer testimony
testimony from someone who is in the same peer group as the audience but who is not necessarily an expert on the topic
phobias
a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that leads to a compelling desire to avoid
physical delivery
elements of speaking that deal with the body
pronunciation
the accepted standard of how a word sounds when spoken
question of fact
when a speaker seeks to persuade people about how to interpret facts
question of policy
when a speaker takes a position on whether an action should or should not be taken
question of value
a persuasive speech about the rightness or wrongness of an idea, action, or issue
real example
an example that is factual
reasoning by analogy
when you compare two similar cases to argue that what is true in one case is also true in the other