Exam 3

what are the four abdominal regions

RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, RUQ

what organs can be found in the right upper quadrant

liver and gallbladder

what organs can be found in the left upper quadrant

stomach, pancreas, spleen

what organs can be found in the right lower quadrant

appendix

what are the nerve root levels of the dermatomes of the thorax/abdominal region

T4, T6, T10, T12

what landmark is the T4 dermatome

nipple line

what landmark is the T6 dermatome

xiphoid (end of thoracic)

what is the landmark of the T10 dermatome

umbilicus (belly button)

what is the landmark of the T12 dermatome

inguinal region (pubis)

what are the abdominal fascial layers

linea alba, camper fascia, scarpa fascia

linea alba

tendinous structure formed by abdominal aponeurosis

camper fascia

superficial fat layer

scarpa fascia

deep fascia covering musculature

what are the 4 abdominal muscles

external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis, rectus abdominis

what nerve innervates the abdominal muscles

subcostal nerve

what nerve root level innervates the abdominal muscles

T6-T12

what are the muscles of the back subdivided into

extrinsic and intrinsic

subdivisions of extrinsic back muscles

superficial and intermedi

subdivisions of intrinsic back muscle

superficial, intermediate, deep

what group of muscles are in the intermediate layer of the intrinsic back mucles

erector spinae

what muscles are included in the erector spinae

iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

examples of superficial extrinsic back muscles

trapesius, latissimus dorsi

example of intermediate extrinsic back muscles

serratus posterior superior/ inferior

example of superficial intrinsic back muscle

splenius capitis, splenius cervicis

example of deep intrinsic back muscles

semispinalis, multifidus, interspinales

what back muscle group does mostly stabilization activities

intrinsic muscles

what back muscle group helps with movement of the upper extremities

extrinsic muscles

what arteries does the common iliac branch into

external iliac, internal iliac

where does the external iliac supply oxygenated blood to

lower extremities, abdominal wall

where does the internal iliac supply oxygenated blood to

sphincters, reproductive organs

what sacral nerve root levels have dermatomes

S1, S2

what is the S1 dermatome

digit 5

what is the S2 dermatome

popliteal fossa

functions of the pelvic floor

supports abdominal/ pelvic viscera, resistance during straining, urinary/fecal continence

what nerves innervate the pelvic floor

pudendal nerve and sacral plexus

what is the name of the "tube" that connects "cheek to cheek"

esophagus

what are the steps of digestion

ingestion, mechanical digestion, chemical break down, secretion, absorption, defecation

ingestion

solid and liquid material into oral cavity

mechanical digestion

propulsion (peristalsis) and segmentation

chemical break down

breakdown for absorption

secretion

water, acids, bile, digestive enzymes

absoption

movement of nutrients

defecation

elimination of solid wastes

what innervates the salivary glands

vagus nerve

what are the regions of the stomach

cardia, fundus, body, pyloric

what are the functions of the stomach

secretion, chemical digestion, storage

what are the parts of the small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

duodenum

neutralize and digest

jejunum

digest and absorb

ileum

absorption

what is a carbohydrate ingested as

polysaccharide

what is a polysaccharide digested into

monosaccharide (glucose)

what is the primary enzyme that breaks down polysaccharides

amylase

where is amylase produced

saliva and pancrea

what are proteins ingested as

polypeptides

what are poly peptides digested into

amino acids

what is the primary enzyme that breaks down polypeptides

protease

where is protease produced

stomach and pancreas

what are fats ingested as

triglycerides

what are triglycerides digested into

fatty acids and monoglycerides

what is the primary enzyme that breaks down triglycerides

lipase

where is lipase produced

pancreas

intraperitoneal

structures found within the peritoneum

retroperitoneal

structures found behind the peritoneum

what are the retroperitoneal structures

suprarenal galnds, aorta, duodenum, pancreas, ureters, colon, kidneys, esophagus, rectum

what are the intraperitoneal structures

stomach, liver, parts of the intestines

what does the large intestine consist of

cecum, colon, and rectum

parts of the colon

ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

function of the large intestine

absorption and defecation

functions of liver

creates bile, detoxification, metabolism, plasma protein formation

where is the gallbladder located

right lobe of liver

function of gallbladder

stores bile, helps break down fat

digestive function of pancreas

produce enzymes to send into the small intestine

hormonal function of pancreas

produces insulin

function of spleen

removes red blood cells

what is ATP

energy containing molecule found in cells

how is ATP produced

glycolysis, krebs cycle and electron transport chain

is phosphagen system aerobic or anaerobic

anaerobic

how long do activities fueled by the phosphagen last

about 15 seconds

how many ATP are produced per glucose via glycolysis

net 2

is glycolysis aerobic or anerobic

anerobic

what fuels the krebs cycle

pyruvate

is krebs cycle anaerobic or aerobic

aerobic

what does one glucose molecule produce from the krebs cycle

2 ATP, 8 NADH+H+, 2FADH2

how many ATP are produced by each NADH+H+ in the electron transport chain

3 ATP

how many ATP are produced by each FADH2 in the electron transport chain

2 ATP

is the electron transport chain aerobic or anaerobic

aerobic

if oxygen is present how many ATP can be produced for each glucose

38 ATP

if oxygen is not present how many ATP can be produced for each glucose

2 ATP

how many ATP are produced by each cleavage of a FA chain

5 ATP

how many ATP is generated from each A-CoA

12 ATP

what are the components of the kidney

renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis

renal cortex

outer portion that contains blood vessels

renal medulla

innermost region that contains the nephron

renal pelvis

connects the kidney to the rest of the body

what are the functions of the kidney

volume of blood, concentration of ions, PH, metabolic, excretion, endocrine

what is the functional unit of the kidney

nephron

what are the main processes of the nephron

filtration, reabsorption, secretion

filtration

filters water, ions, and small particles into the nephron

reabsorption

take substances out of the nephron and back into the bloodstream