History and Evolution of Pharmacy Practices

Pharmacy

The art, practice, or profession of preparing, preserving, compounding, and dispensing medical drug.

Drug

Chemical substance used in the treatment, mitigation (alleviate or ease symptoms), prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being.

Barium sulfate

Diagnostic agent.

Paracetamol

Used for treatment.

Vaccines

Used for prevention.

Pharmacist

Healthcare professionals who practice in pharmacy, the field of health sciences focusing on safe and effective medication use.

The Traditional Era

1900-1930: Formulating and dispensing drugs derived from natural sources.

The Scientific Era

1930-1960: Involves patient care, clinical services, reviewing medications, and providing drug information.

The Clinical Era

1960-1990: Pharmacists expected to dispense drug information, warnings, advice, and suggestions to patients.

The Pharmaceutical Care Era

Current Era: Practice of pharmacy focused on ensuring positive outcomes for drug-related therapies.

Pharmaceutics

Maneuvering, formulating drugs, compounding them to be taken by the patient.

Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy

Medicinal Chemistry synthesizes compounds to make synthetic medications; Pharmacognosy involves natural resources (e.g., plants).

Pharmacy Practice

To deliver the medication that was compounded in a manner that is acceptable to the patient.

Pharmacology

Right drug, dosage, time, interval, and information.

Mortar and pestle

Tools of traditional pharmacy, symbolizing compounding and mixing.

Rx symbol

The recipe sign appears at the start of prescriptions, universally accepted as an abbreviation of 'recipe' (Latin for 'take thou').

Bowl of Hygeia

The bowl with a snake coiled around it, called the bowl of Hygeia with the serpent of Epidaurus.

Rod of Asclepius

The true symbol of medicine featuring a single snake wrapped around a staff.

Asclepius

Hygieia's Physician, the God of Healing art, used erroneously as a symbol for medicine, not Pharmacy.

Green Greek Cross

Used in Spain, Argentina, France, Poland, United Kingdom, and other countries.

The Red Stylized 'A'

Used in Germany, Apotheke is the German word for Pharmacy.

Hanging Show

Used in Arab/Asian Countries as an indication that you are entering an area that's selling medicine.

Paleolithic

Refers to cavemen.

Shamans

Faith healers whose treatment involves the world of spirits, needing a specialist who understood and could control the spirits.

Mesopotamia

Believed that one could avoid disease by leading a righteous life and worshipping the proper God.

Ninazu

Lord physician.

Ningishrid

A son of Ninazu who carries the staff with a snake around it.

Gula

Goddess of death and healing; Patroness of the physician; Great lady of physicians.

Asu

Physician priest (empirical healer) who drew upon a large collection of drugs and manipulated them into several dosage forms such as suppositories, pills, washes, enemas, and ointments.

Ashipu/Asipu

Exorcist and incantation priest (magical healer) who relied on spells and magical stones far more than plant materials.

Baru

The seer priest, associated with wisdom.

Shen Nung

Patron Saint/God and Emperor who sought out and investigated the medicinal value of several hundred herbs; father of Chinese medicine.

THOTH

The inventor of science and medicine and patron of physicians.

IMHOTEP

A mortal of the third millennium BC who was deified in Egypt during Greco-Roman times.

Paleo Pharmacological studies

Attest to the use of medicinal plants in prehistory.

Ebers Papyrus

An ancient Egyptian pharmacological text from 1550 BC containing 800 formulas and 700 drugs.

HIPPOCRATES

Known as the Father of Medicine.

DIOCLES OF CARYSTUS

Considered to be the source for all Greek pharmacotherapeutic treatises between the time of Theophrastus and Dioscorides.

THEOPHRASTUS

The greatest early Greek philosopher and natural scientist, called the 'father of botany.'

CLADIUS GALEN

A prominent Greek physician, surgeon, and philosopher in the Roman empire.

HIERA PICRA

The oldest pharmaceutical compound in existence.

TERRA SIGILLATA

Sealed earth, a greasy clay formed into large, tablet-like units upon which the seal of the place of origin was impressed.

THERIACA

Also known as treacle, was the pharmaceutical par excellence.

PEDANIOS DIOSCORIDES

A physician, pharmacologist, and botanist, author of De Materia Medica, a 5-volume encyclopedia about herbal medicine and related medicinal substances.

ACHARYA CHARAKA

Known as the 'Father of Indian Medicine.'

Charaka Samhita

Published by Acharya Charaka; contains a list of medicinal plants.

MONASTIC PHARMACY

Refers to the healing temples cultivated by monks during the advent of Christianity.

Antidotaria

Similar to dispensatories; a list of drugs.

Receptaria

More modest formularies detailing the ingredients of drugs and how they are made.

Hunain ibn-Ishäq

Translated the entire available Hippocratic corpus and works of Galen, Dioscorides, Oribasius, and Paul of Aegina.

Sabur ibn-Sahl

Compiled a prototype of the formularies now used today; it was a compilation of formulas or recipes for medications, arranged in an orderly (usually alphabetical) fashion and including instructions for compounding and suggestions for their use.

AVICENNA (Ibn-Sina)

A Persian philosopher and physician sought to unify all medical knowledge in his Canon medicinae.

Canon medicinae

Contained a treatise on poisons, sections on the preparation of medicines, and a long list of medicinal recipes.

Rhazes

Developed and exerted effort in their dosage forms elegant and palatable through silvering of pills and use of syrups.

1240 A.D KING FREDERICK II OF SICILY

King of Sicily, King of Jerusalem, King of Germany & Italy & Holy Roman Empire.

Damian

Apothecary.

Cosmas

Physician.

MODERN EUROPE

Public pharmacies became relatively common in Southern Europe.

Apothecary

Drugstore-chemist.

Paracelsus

Referred to as the father of toxicology for his claim that, 'All things are poison, and nothing is without poison.' Sparked the growth of modern Pharmaceutical Sciences.

Quinine drug

Was discovered to treat malarial fevers; derived from Cinchona bark.

ROBERT KOCH

Proved that microorganisms cause disease (1876) and established experimental steps for directly linking a specific microbe to a specific disease.

LOUIS PASTEUR

A French chemist and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization.

EMIL VON BEHRING

Developed diphtheria antitoxin.

ALEXANDER FLEMING

Discovered Penicillin.

PAUL EHRLICH

First discovered chemotherapeutic agents; known as the Father of chemotherapy. Introduced the 'selective toxicity' principle and discovered Salvarsan (Asphernamine).

20TH CENTURY-INDUSTRIAL AGE

Dramatic change for medical care including Pharmacy.

The Arabs

Separated the arts of apothecary and physician.

Baghdad

1st privately owned drug stores; preserved the Greco-Roman wisdom where natural resources, syrups, confections, conserves, distilled waters and alcoholic liquids were available.

Pharmacopoeia

List of drugs; 'Novo Receptario' originally written in Italian.

LOUIS HEBERT

Young Parisian apothecary.

Christopher Marshall

'The Fighting Quaker'; Irish immigrant, developed a pioneer pharmaceutical enterprise and was a leader in the American Revolution.

Elizabeth Marshall

Daughter of Christopher Marshall and she is the 1st American Women Pharmacist.

CARL WILHELM SCHEELE

Discovered oxygen, chlorine, prussic acid, tartaric acid, tungsten, molybdenum, glycerin, nitroglycerin and countless other organic compounds; known as the Father of Modern Plant Chemistry.

ANDREW CRAIGIE

Bostonian apothecary; America's first Apothecary General and the first man to hold the rank of a commissioned pharmaceutical officer in an American army.

THE SHAKERS AND MEDICINAL HERBS

1820 First US industry in medicinal herbs was carried by United Society of Believers, known as 'Shakers'.

AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION

Daniel B. Smith 1st President; William Procter Jr. - 1st Secretary.

The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy

The first college of pharmacy was founded in the United States in 1821.

Father of American Pharmacy

Late professor of pharmacy in the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, known for his role in establishing the American Pharmacists Association and his work on the United States Pharmacopeia.

First hospital pharmacy

Established at the Pennsylvania Hospital started by Benjamin Franklin, in Philadelphia in 1751-1972.

First hospital pharmacist

Jonathan Roberts, who was hired in 1752.

John Morgan

A pharmacist and a physician who championed prescription writing and the separation of the two professions.

United States Pharmacopoeia

The first 'United States Pharmacopoeia' (1820) was the work of the medical profession.

Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Sertuner

German Apothecary who discovered 'morphine', opium's chief narcotic principle 'alkaloids'.

Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaime Caventou

French pharmacists who isolated 'emetine' from Ipecacuanha in 1817 and 'Strychnine and Brucine' from Nux vomica in 1818.

Stanislas Limousin

French retail Pharmacist known for inventing the medicine dropper and the system of coloring poisons.

Emil von Behring and Emil Roux

Announced the effectiveness of diphtheria antitoxin in 1894, with the vaccine becoming available in 1895.

Ernest Francois Auguste Fourneau

French pharmacist who headed a chemical lab at the Institute Pasteur, known for research on Bismuth and Arsenic compounds.

Katalonan or Babaylan

A woman mystic in ancient Filipino culture, specializing in medicine and theoretical knowledge about nature.

Herbolarios

Skilled men in the Pre-Spanish Era of the Philippines who used healing herbs and traditional practices.

University of Santo Tomas

Established in 1611 as the Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santisimo Rosario, it is the oldest university in the Philippines.

Fr. Fernando de Santa Maria

Dominican priest who authored 'Medicinas Caseras', first edition published in 1786, containing treatment suggestions for certain diseases.

Military Hospital in Cebu

The first hospital built by the Spaniards in the Philippines, constructed by Legaspi in 1565.

Botica Boie

Started as a small apothecary shop at Escolta, Manila in 1830; the first drugstore in the Philippines.

Botica de Santa Cruz

Established in 1861 at Plaza de Goiti, it passed through several hands until Carlos Jarhling and Luis Santos took over.

León María Guerrero y Leogardo

Known as the 'Father of Philippine Pharmacy', he was the first licensed pharmacist in the Philippines.

Clinical Pharmacy

An aspect of medical care partially abandoned by physicians, focusing on drug information and utilization.

Immunization

Adult vaccines such as flu and pneumonia administered by immunizing pharmacists.

Nuclear Pharmacist

A pharmacist trusted in the field of medicine administration, particularly in nuclear medicine.