PI 100 - "Concepts of Nationalism"

The root of nationalism for Asian countries is reaction from colonialism whereas for Western countries it is intellectual. A manifestation of the latter’s nationalism is the occupation of other states.

How did nationalism germinate for Asian and Western countries?

1. First Reich (Holy Roman Empire) - King Charlemagne

2. Second Reich (German Empire) - Wilhem Kaiser II

3. Third (Nazi Germany) - Adolf Hitler

What are the three Reichs and their respective leaders?

1. Sentimental Appeal

   a. Personal - Rebellion (1565) and GOMBURZA (1872)
   b. Sectoral - GOMBURZA (1872)

2. Conceptual Appeal

   a. National - Reform movement (1882) and Revolution movement (1892 - 1901)

Enumerate the different appeals and levels of Filipino nationalism. Indicate the respective period.

The French Revolution resulted in liberalism. This liberalism movement carried over to Spain where a parliamentary government or cortes was established along with monarchy. Secularism rose with more secular seminaries. Jesuits and Dominicans were against this and plotted to assassinate the king. They were banned and exiled so they went to Russia under Queen Catherine. After the ban was lifted, secular priests in the Philippines (mostly Filipinos) fought with regular priests (mostly Spaniards) for administration of the parochial church. This movement would come to be known as the Filipinization of the churches.

Briefly provide the larger historical background of the reform movement.

1. Equality of the Philippines before the law

2. Assimilation of the Philippines as a province

3. Restoration of Philippine representation in the Spanish cortes

4. Filipinization of the churches

5. Granting of individual liberties (speech, press, grievances, etc.)

What are the five aims of the reform movement?

It failed because of financial issues, internal politics in Spain, and conflict between reform members (Rizal vs. Del Pilar began during election of leaders)

Why did the Reform movement fail?

1. Horatio de la Costa, S.J.

2. Alejandro Lichauco

3. Claro M. Recto

Who are the three individuals whose concept of nationalism are being discussed?

It is loyalty and devotion to a nation. It is a sense of national consciousness exalting one nation above all others and placing primary emphasis on the promotion of its culture and interest as opposed to those of other nations or supranational groups.

What is nationalism?

1. H - A particular concept of what the nation is, what values it embodies or represents, and what course or courses of action, what postures and policies these values demand or imply

2. A - It is a power that has moved people to forge nations where there were none and prodded them to exceptional achievements

3. C - Growing and deepening consciousness that a group of people are distinct; it is a firm belief in the genius of a race and in the capacity of people for advancement toward the attainment of their destiny

What are the different concepts of nationalism according to each author?

Independence (June 12, 1898) and a common identity

What is the product of nationalism?

Patriotism

What maintains independence?

1. Castille

2. Asturias

3. Cataluna

4. Seville

What were the then four provinces of Spain during the Reform movement?

1898 - 1946

When is the period of the war of independence?

1. sentiment

2. feeling

3. Horatio de la Costa, S.J.

“Nationalism is not only a ____ or ____ for one’s nation.” - ____

1. Concept of a nation

2. Components of a nation

3. Capacity to attain their destiny

In defining the concept of nationalism, what common denominator does de la Costa and Lichauco, de La Costa and Recto, Recto and Lichauco have?

H

1. One common language

2. An identifiable national character

3. A definite territory

4. A system of government

5. Members entered a social contract (constitution)

6. Sovereignty

R

1. Own character and spirit

2. Own customs and traditions

3. Own ideals

4. Own way of thinking

5. Own way of life

What are the components of nationalism according to de la Costa and Recto?

1. Sentiment

2. Pride in being part of a nation

3. Loyalty

4. Serve its interests

Nationalism is a ____ in which a person manifests his ____. A person who exhibits nationalism shows his ____ to the nation for which he is willing to ____.

1. It is a territorial division containing a body of people of one or more nationalities and usually characterized by relatively large size and independent status. It refers to people occupying a certain piece of territory

2. Taiwan is a country but not a sovereign state. It is still part of China.

3. The Philippines is a state aiming to become a nation.

What is a nation? Is Taiwan a nation? Is the Philippines a nation?

It changed from “a native or inhabitant of the Philippines (used in place of the masculine form “Filipino” or the feminine form “Filipina”)” to “a person of Philippine origin or descent, especially one living in the United States (used to indicate gender-neutrality in place of “Filipino” or “Filipina”)".”

How did the definition of Filipinx change?

1. Patriotism is leveled-up nationalism. It comes from the Latin word “patria” which mean Fatherland or homeland, and it is the willingness to sacrifice one’s life and fortunes for the country.

2. Both are an expression and manifestation of love to one’s country. Both have devotion to the attainment of the nation’s goals and willingness to fight and struggle for the nation’s interests.

What is patriotism and what does it have in common with nationalism?

A state is defined by sovereignty over territory and a group of people. Nations generate identity and loyalty. They are named groups that share common histories, myths, culture, economy, and rights. A nation-state is a sovereign territory with one group of people that share a common history.

What is the difference between a nation, state, and nation-state?

1. Along with attachment to the land, people occupying it develop a common culture that cultivates a distinct identity.

2. These common experiences lead to feelings of cohesiveness, empathy towards each other, and eventually nationalism.

3. Sentiments against colonizers united the indios to revolt and fight against Japanese invaders

4. Having this common goal and objective unites a people to love their country, leading to the development of a common identity.

5. After driving out invaders, the Philippines struggle to govern itself.

How does nationalism and the national identity develop in the Philippines?

1. Jean Jacques Rousseau

2. Individual will → General will → National Government → Social Contract

The Social Contract was made by who and what does it posit?

As a member of the state to the sovereign and as a member of the sovereign to the individuals

According to Jean Jacques Rousseau, on the social contract, the individual is bound in double capacity. To whom is the individual bound to?

Malolos Constitution which is now “The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of The Philippines”

What is the document our founding fathers wrote to legally create the First Philippine Republic?

1. Supreme power especially over a body politics; freedom from external control (autonomy); controlling influence

2. A nation is responsible only for itself and its citizens even when dealing with other nations; a nation was possible only by a free contract between its members

What is sovereignty and national sovereignty?

1. H - can release “wild energies from the multitudes previously passive and inert, and to drive them to attempt and achieve projects previously thought to be beyond the bounds of possibility” → unites people to achieve their goals as a nation (concerned with nation building with Lichauco and brings changes with Recto)

2. L - More than a power. A “philosophy of power concerned with strategies, methods, and processes of building, developing, and nourishing power of a state as an organic entity. It an outlook borne by the perception that a state must consciously cultivate and amass power for itself if it is to survive and prosper as a social organism.”

3. R - Aims to correct the wrongs of the past, to effect changes in the political, economic, and cultural life of peoples under their own forging and control → For people to control their life as a nation

On nationalism and power, what do de la Costa, Lichauco, and Recto have to say?

This is a voluntary act of a kababayan for another kababayan.

What is damayan?

Bayan is a town or country and a person that does an unselfish act and risks their life for it is a bayani. When from the communal perspective, the goal becomes national, it turns into a bansa. The Malay word, bangsa, community of a bayan and its laws and institutions.

What is the difference between bayan and bansa?

1. Territory or land (lupa)

2. Government (pamahalaan)

3. Sovereignty (kalayaan)

4. People (bayan)

What are the four components of a bansa?

To protect and advance the interests of the people which is kaginhawaan

What is the role of the government?

All needs of the people are provided for and everyone is free. There is a state of contentment. It is integral to freedom.

What is kaginhawaan?

1. L - If the state must have strength and power, it must first acquire real independence. Without independence, a people will be unable to pursue a course that would bring strength and power to themselves as a state. Independence is necessary to power, and power is necessary to independence.

2. R - For emerging nations of Asia and Africa, this is a realization that the “aspirations to freedom, equality, social justice, prosperity, and peace can be achieved only through the resolute assertion of the nationalistic spirit.” The Filipinos have to complete the independence struggle that begun on 1896 to attain prosperity, strength, and happiness, to become the master of her own destiny. For Rizal and his contemporary nationalists, the struggle for nationhood is equated with the preservation of racial identity “a matter of national survival.” Without this, nationalistic progress was impossible. The indios “must be cut off from their colonial mooring.”

On nationalism and independence do Lichauco, and Recto have to say?

1. Leaves that fall off a tree branch

2. To sail

3. To go away

Laya = ____
Layag = ____

Layas = ____

1. 1869

2. Libertad

Before ____, the term kalayaan was unknown and the word ____ was used to refer to independence.

Economical

The roots of revolution and conflict are ____.

1. 1882

2. Paciano Mercado

3. Marcelo H. del Pilar

4. Malaya

5. Kalayaban

6. Amor Patrio or El Amor Patrio (Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa)

In ____, the term kalayaan was used to refer to the freedom to decide based one’s own free will after Jose Rizal’s letter to ____ where ____ used the term ____ or ____ as a translation to freedom in Rizal’s work ____.

Kaginhawaan

Emilio Jacinto equates kalayaan to what?

Strong state

Kaginhawaan can only be attained if there is a ____.

1. L - Where a people can no longer feel proud of their country and lose all hope for it, it becomes only a matter of time before they desert it or even turn against it. A state where nationalism as a force is either absent or fragile can only be weak and purposeless. It will merely drift along, a constant temptation for others to abuse and take advantage of. A weak state must be prepared to see not only its natural resources exploited and despoiled, but its human resources degraded as well. Weak states are generally characterized by governments that run counter to their people’s interest, incapable of governing, and of asserting their authority against external forces.

2. R - Half-hearted intents to industrialize the country. Continued reliance on a disadvantageous raw material export economy, believing that with reliance to the U.S. economy is the survival of the PH economy. Weak, docile, unassertive policies of our government that allows a high degree of foreign control over our economic life. Foreign resources are always better than native. Prevented the country from using the nation’s resources in the most effective way and for the Filipino’s benefit

On what happens when a state has weak nationalism, hence, a weak state, what does Lichauco and Recto have to say?