Mammalian Fuel Metabolism: Integration and Regulation

Vocabulary flashcards based on lecture notes about mammalian fuel metabolism, integration, and regulation.

Glucokinase

The activity of glucokinase increases with high blood glucose.

Kidney

Excretes urea and other waste products from the blood.

Cori Cycle

Provides a pathway for the metabolic use of lactate for the production of glucose.

Hormones

Secreted by endocrine glands, resulting in numerous cellular responses.

a-adrenergic receptor

Epinephrine binding to the a-adrenergic receptor causes an increase in intracellular Calcium.

Ketone bodies

Following prolonged starvation, ketone bodies are used as fuel by the brain.

Acetyl CoA

The degradation product of glucose, fatty acids, and ketogenic amino acids.

Kidney

During starvation, the kidney generates as much as 50% of the body's glucose supply.

Brain

Stores very little glycogen and therefore requires a steady supply of glucose from the blood.

Leptin

Mice lacking the protein leptin are genetically obese.

Adenylate Cyclase

Catalyzes the reaction ATP -> cAMP + PPi.

Phospholipase C

Cleaves PIP2, generating IP3 and DAG (inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate and 1,2-diacylglycerol).

Ghrelin

Protein that stimulates the appetite.

AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK)

Activates ATP-generating metabolic pathways and inhibits biosynthetic pathways.

Glucose-6-phosphatase

At low glucose concentrations, the majority of glucose produced by liver cells is due to the action of glucose-6-phosphatase.

Adipose Tissue

Secretes hormones that regulate metabolism.

Metabolic Syndrome

Characterized by insulin resistance and inflammation.