Agricultural Extension and Communication Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary-style flashcards covering the history of agricultural extension, its development in the Philippines, and key educational concepts and paradigms.

Extension (Origin)

A term first used in $1867$ to describe adult education programs organized by Oxford and Cambridge universities in England to extend campus work into neighboring communities.

Advisory Services

The official term adopted by the United Kingdom and most European countries for agricultural extension activities within their respective ministries of agriculture.

James Stuart

Known as the 'Father of University Extension,' he was a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, who appealed for organized Centers of Extension Lectures in $1871$.

Royal Agricultural Improvement Society (RAIS)

Founded in Britain in $1841$, this organization appointed lecturers to teach farming improvements to small farmers during distressed periods.

Phytophthora infestans

The potato blight pathogen that caused a severe outbreak in Europe in $1845$, notably affecting the peasant community in Ireland.

Morill Act of 1862

Legislation by Pres. Lincoln that created Land Grant Colleges and Universities and established demonstration centers and experimental stations.

Smith-Lever Act (1914)

The law that established the Cooperative Extension Service, a tripartite cooperation between federal, state, and local governments.

Granja modelos

Experimental or demonstration centers established during the Spanish regime in the Philippines to educate rice, corn, and tobacco farmers.

Bureau of Agriculture

Established on April $30$, $1902$, under the Department of Interior in the Philippines.

Maria Y. Orosa

The individual who founded the home extension service in the Philippines, originally focusing on food preservation.

Commonwealth Act No. 85

Legislation that authorized local government units to logistically support extension service and established provincial agriculturists.

Bell Survey Mission

A $1950$ economic survey mission that recommended consolidating scattered extension organizations in the Philippines into one bureau.

Bureau of Agricultural Extension (BAEX)

Created on July $16$, $1952$, by virtue of $\text{R.A. } 680$, it consolidated all existing extension services into one agency.

Agriculture Productivity Commission (APC)

The name given to BAEX in $1963$ when the Land Reform Code ($\text{R.A. } 3844$) was enacted.

Training and Visit System (T & V)

A development strategy adopted by the Philippines in $1977$ following a World Bank Mission appraisal to improve the quality of life of farm families.

Agricultural Training Institute (ATI)

Formed in $1987$ by merging BAEX, the Agricultural Training Council, and the Philippine Training Center for Rural Development via $\text{E.O. } 116$.

Local Government Code (RA No. 7160)

The law enacted in $1991$ that decentralized management and supervision of the agricultural extension system to local government units ($\text{LGUs}$).

Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA)

Known as $\text{RA } 8435$ ($1997$), its major concerns include food security, poverty alleviation, social equity, and global competitiveness.

Torrens Act

A law enacted during the American occupation to safeguard all titles to cultivated lands owned by private persons.

Rude Awakening

A period during President Jose P. Laurel's term characterized by the realization that the Philippines was not self-sufficient in food production.

Masagana 99

A program under President Ferdinand Marcos that involved the massive dispersal of technology, including high-yielding varieties ($\text{HYVs}$), fertilizers, and pesticides.

Voorlichting

The Dutch term for extension, meaning 'Lighting the path ahead to help people find their way.'

Penyuluhan

The Indonesian term for extension, which translates to 'Lighting the way ahead with a torch.'

Beratung

The German term for extension, meaning 'Advisory work,' where the expert gives advice but the person retains final responsibility.

Pedagogy

The science of teaching children.

Andragogy

The science of teaching adults.

Extension teaching

The art of stimulating, directing, and guiding the learning process through guided interaction and effective learning situations.

Extension strategy

A series of steps, procedures, and activities that operationalize approaches to facilitate the accomplishment of goals.

Technology Transfer paradigm

A 'top-down' extension model prevalent in the $1970\text{s}$ and $1980\text{s}$ focused on delivering specific research recommendations to increase food production.

Facilitation Extension paradigm

An approach where front-line agents act as 'knowledge brokers' to facilitate the teaching-learning process among farmers with common interests.