The Heart

How many chambers does the heart have?

Four

Where is the heart situated?

Middle Mediastinum

What angle does the heart sit at?

45

Two Collecting Chambers

Atria

Two Pumping Chambers

Ventricles

Sac surrounding heart and roots of great vessels

Pericardium

Tough external layer of pericardium

Fibrous Pericardium

What 3 things make up the Serous Pericardium

Parietal Pericardium, Pericardial Cavity, Epicardium

Lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium

Parietal Pericardium

Contains lubricating serous fluid

Pericardial Cavity

Outer layer of heart

Epicardium

What are the three layers of the heart

Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium

Thin, smooth, outer layer

Epicardium

Thick muscular layer

Myocardium

Thin endothelial lining

Endocardium

Aortic Valve

Ascending Aorta

Chordae Tendineae

Inferior Vena Cava

Left Atrium

Left Pulmonary Artery

Left Pulmonary Veins

Left Ventricle

Main Pulmonary Artery

Mitral Valve

Papillary Muscle

Pulmonary Valve

Right Atrium

Right Pulmonary Arteries

Right Pulmonary Veins

Right Ventricle

Superior Vena Cava

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Tricuspid Valve

(BF) Inferior Vena Cava & Superior Vena Cava into -

Right Atrium

(BF) Right Atrium through Tricuspid Valve into -

Right Ventricle

(BF) Right Ventricle through Pulmonary Valve to -

Lungs

(BF) From Lungs through Pulmonary veins into -

Left Atrium

(BF) Left Atrium through Mitral Valve into -

Left Ventricle

(BF) Left Ventricle through Aortic Valve into -

Aorta

Receives deoxygenated blood from the entire body via the IVC and SVC

Right Atrium

Valve comprised of three leaflets allows blood to flow only from the right atrium to the right ventricle

Tricuspid Valve

Strong fibrous connections between the valve leaflets and the papillary muscles - prevent leaflets from moving backwards into atrium

Chordae Tendineae

Small muscles arising from walls of left and right ventricles - contract simultaneously with ventricles and prevent prolapse of valves into atria

Papillary Muscles

Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs

Right Ventricle

Valve comprised of 3 cusps and separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary trunk

Pulmonary Valve

Transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

Main Pulmonary Artery

Carry oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium

Pulmonary Veins

Receives oxygen rich blood from the pulmonary veins

Left Atrium

Comprised of two leaflets - allows bloodflow from left atrium to left ventricle

Mitral Valve

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta

Left Ventricle

Comprised of three leaflets - allows blood flow from the left ventricle into the ascending aorta

Aortic Valve

Supply blood to the cardiac muscle

Coronary Arteries

What is the origin of the coronary arteries

Aortic Root

What does the left coronary artery bifurcate into

Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD)

Left Circumplex Artery (Cx)

What are the 4 views of cardiac ultrasound

Parasternal Long Axis (PLAX)

Parasternal Short Axis (PSAX)

Apical 4 Chamber

Subxiphoid 4 chamber

Where does the indicator point in PLAX view

Towards patients right shoulder at 10

Where is the apex of the heart in a PLAX view

To the Left

Name that Image View

PLAX

What does PLAX stand for?

Parasternal Long Axis

What does PSAX stand for?

Parasternal Short Axis

Where is the indicator on a PSAX view

Towards Patient’s Left Shoulder at 2

Where is transducer for PSAX

To left of sternum in 3rd or 4th space

PSAX: Images taken at level of Aortic Valve →

Mercedes Benz

PSAX: Images taken at level of Mitral Valve →

Fish Mouth

Where is the transducer for an Apical Four Chamber view

In 4th or 5th rib space

Where is the indicator for an Apical Four Chamber view

Towards Left shoulder to 2-3

Where is the sound beam angled to in the Apical Four Chamber view

Towards the patient’s head

Endocardium

Epicardium

Fibrous Layer

Myocardium

Parietal Pericardium

Pericardial Cavity

Serous Pericardium

Visceral Pericardium

Aorta

Aortic Valve

Left Atrium

Left Ventricle

Mitral Valve

Pulmonary Trunk

Pulmonary Valve

Right Atrium

Right Ventricle

Tricuspid Valve

Aorta

Aortic Valve

Inferior Vena Cava

Left Atrium

Left Pulmonary Veins

Left Ventricle

Mitral Valve

Pulmonary Valve

Right Atrium

Right Pulmonary Arteries

Right Pulmonary Veins

Right Ventricle

Superior Vena Cava

Tricuspid Valve

Anterior Mitral Valve Leaflet