Next exam study set (exam 2)

Epidemiology

The study of how diseases occur together, beyond what would be expected by chance

Comorbidity

The presence of multiple diseases in a single person

Etiology

The study of the underlying causes of diseases

Why /when does a stress disorder occur?

When an individual has difficulty coping with or adjusting to a recent stressor

What is PTSD?

Post traumatic Stress Disorder is identified by development of physiological, psychological, and emotional symptoms following exposure to a traumatic event

To meet the criteria for a diagnosis of PTSD, what do individuals need to report (symptoms) among the four different categories of symptoms being:

Category 1: recurrent experiences

Category 2: Avoidance of stimuli

Category 3: negative alterations in cognition or mood

Category 4: Alterations in arousal and reactivity

PTSD can NOT be diagnosed unless symptoms have been present for AT LEAST _____

One month

Acute stress disorder

Similar to PTSD except symptoms must be present from 3 days to 1 month

PTSD requires symptoms within each of the four categories discussed above; however, acute stress disorder requires that the individual experience nine symptoms across five different categories

(intrusion symptoms, negative mood, dissociative symptoms, avoidance symptoms, and arousal symptoms

Adjustment Disorder

An adjustment disorder occurs following an identifiable stressor that happened within the past 3 months.

Prolonged grief disorder

An intense yearning/longing and/or preoccupation with thoughts or memories of the deceased who died at least 12 months ago.

The individual will present with at least three symptoms to include

feeling as though part of oneself has died, disbelief about the death, emotional numbness, feeling that life is meaningless, intense loneliness, problems engaging with friends or pursuing interests, intense emotional pain, and avoiding reminders that the person has died.

What are some symptoms of Prolonged Grief Disorder?

hold maladaptive cognitions about the self, feel guilt about the death, and hold negative views about life goals and expectancy. Harmful health behaviors due to decreased self-care and concern are also reported. They may also

experience hallucinations about the deceased, feel bitter an angry be restless, blame others for the death, and see a reduction in the quantity and quality of sleep

PTSD is more prevalent among ______

Females

Why is ptsd more prevalent among females?

Likely due to higher occurrence of exposure to traumatic experiences such as childhood sexual abuse, rape, domestic abuse, interpersonal violence.

the increased exposure to traumatic events among females may also be a strong reason why women are more likely to develop

Acute stress disorder

there is a high comorbidity rate between PTSD and other psychological disorders.

True

There is also a strong relationship between PTSD and major neurocognitive disorders, which may be due to the overlapping symptoms between these disorders

True

Adjustment disorders have a high comorbidity rate with various other medical conditions

True

Prolonged grief disorder is commonly comorbid with

MDD, PTSD if the death occurred in violent or accidental circumstances, substance use disorders, and separation anxiety disorder.

One theory for the development of trauma and stress-related disorders is the over-involvement of the

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.

The HPA axis is

involved in the fear-producing response, and some speculate that dysfunction within this axis is to blame for the development of trauma symptoms.

Preexisting conditions of depression or anxiety may predispose an individual to develop PTSD or other stress disorders

True

there is some evidence to suggest that _________ also interpret traumatic events differently, and therefore, may be more vulnerable to the disorder.

cultural groups

Psychological debriefing

considered a type of crisis intervention that requires individuals who have recently experienced a traumatic event to discuss or process

Imaginal exposure

The individual mentally recreates specific details of the traumatic event

Vivo exposure

The individual is reminded of the traumatic event through the use of videos, images, or other tangible objects

Flooding exposure

Presents the most distressing memories or images at the beginning of treatment

What is EMDR?

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a psychotherapy treatment designed to alleviate the distress associated with traumatic memories.

What is TF-CBT?

Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) is an evidence-based treatment specifically designed for children and adolescents who have experienced trauma, combining cognitive-behavioral, trauma-sensitive principles with family and humanistic principles.

What is CBT?

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a psychotherapeutic approach that addresses dysfunctional emotions, behaviors, and cognitions through a goal-oriented, systematic process.

The hallmark of any anxiety disorder is the presence of

Excessive fear or anxiety related to behavioral disturbances

HPA AXIS leads to

Secretion of cortisol

ADRENAL MEDULLARY SYSTEM leads to

Secretion of norepinephrine

Ways to manage stress:

Exercise and meditation (breathing)

Generalized anxiety disorder: (definition)

Excessive anxiety and worry occurring more days than not for at least 6 months

Acrophobia

Intense fear/anxiety triggered by two or more of the following

Social anxiety disorder

When an individual experience out of proportion levels of anxiety related to social or performance situations where there is a possibility that they will be evaluated negatively

Dissociative Disorder

are a group of disorders characterized by symptoms of disruption and/or discontinuity in consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, body representation. perception, motor control, and behavor.

Occasionally, one may experience temporary dissociative symptoms due to _______ or ingestion of a substance

lack of sleep

What are the three main types of dissociative disorders?

Dissociative identity disorder, dissociative amnesia, and depersonalization/derealizaation disorder

DID Dissociative identity disorder

the presence of two or more distinct personality states or an experience of possession

How overt or covert the personality states are depends on…

psychological motivation, stress level, cultural context, emotional resilience, and internal conflicts and dynamics

The second main diagnostic criteria (Criteria B) for dissociative identity disorder is that there must be a ____ in the recall of events, information, or trauma due to the switching of personalities.

gap

Suberpersonalities

For people with DID, there many “persons” are called _____

These individuals will experience episodes of “_______” when the primary personality is notpresent.

Amnesia

Dissociative amnesia

is identified by the inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature.

Does Dissociative amnesia have neurobiological cause?

No.

Localozed amnesia

is the inability to recall events during a specific period

Selective amnesia

the individual can recall some, but not all, of the details during a specific period.

Systemic amnesia

occurs when an indivisual fails to recall a specific category of information such as not recalling a specific rooom in their chikdhood home.

Generalized dissociative amnesia

where they have a complete loss of memory for most or all of their life history, including their own identity,previous knowledge about the world, and/or well learned skills.

Individuals that expeirence GDA expierence deficits in both ________ and ________ knowledge

Sematic and procedural

Hear t disease has been theleading cause of death in the US for several decades

True

Research studies hve routinely supported the use of _________ particularly for those with pain and headaches that have not been responsible to pharmacological interventions

Biofeedback

The key distiction between illness anxiety disorder and somatic disorder is that an individual with IAD does not typically resent with any somatic symptoms

True

Factitious disorder is only observed in the individual leading the deception

False

There is a social factor of_____influences that likely plays a significant role in the attention to somatic symptoms.

Familial

Previously known as hypochondriasis, -_______involves excessive preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious medical illness.

Illness anxiety disorder

In the case that an individual with illness anxiety disorder does have a medical diagnosis, their anxiety surrounding the severity of the disorder is_____to their actual diagnosis.

Excessive

To be diagnosed with functional neurological symptom disorder, there must be what?

Evidence of an incompatibility of a medical disorder and the symptoms

Which treatment for psychophysiological disorders has been effective in reducing pain and managing anxiety symptoms associated with medical procedures?

Hypnosis

Which treatment for psychophysiological disorders can be either clinician-led or implemented through computer programs developed by psychologists?

Bio feedback

Behaviorists propose that somatic disorders are developed and maintained by_

Reinforcers

Heightened sensitivity to bodily sensations combined with ______ may lead individuals to overanalyz and interpret their physiological symptoms in a negative light

maladaptive thought patterns

To be diagnosed with agoraphobia, fear and anxiety-related symptoms are present _ the individual encounters their fear-inducing situations.

Every time

Efforts of self-medicating may be connected to higher comorbidity rates between social anxiety disorder and

substance-related disorders

Which of the following is a diagnostic criterion for generalized anxiety disorder?

Experiencing worry of greater intensity and for longer periods than the average person

Flooding

Repeated exposure to the individual's most feared object or situation

Systemic desensitization

Utilizes relaxation strategies to help calm the individual as they are presented with fearful objects

Modeling

Clinician approaches the feared object/subject while the patient observes

Amygdala

Responsible for storing memories related to emotional events

Hippocampus & prefrontal cortex

Determine if a threat is real or imagined

Locus coeruleus

Increased activation may lead to panic-like symptoms

5-HTTLPR gene

Mutation related to a reduction in serotonin activi-ty/an increase in anxiety-related trait

Corticostriatal-thalamocortical circuit

The fear-specific pathway

Specific to

is the implication of the locus coeruleus, the brain

structure that serves as an "on-off" switch for norepinephrine neurotransmitters.

Panic disorders

If an individual experiences anxiety and worry of greater intensity and for longer periods than the average person, are often unable to control their worry through various coping strategies, and experiences somatic symptoms during intensive periods of anxiety, they meet the diagnostic criteria for what?

Generalized anxiety disorder

What is the most effective treatment option for individuals with panic disorder?

CBT

Individuals can experience multiple specific phobias at the same time.

True

Electromyography (EMG)

Measures the amount of muscle activity currently experienced by the individual

Galvanic skin response (GSR)

Measures sweat

Electroencephalography EEG

Measures the neurofeedback or brain Activity

Heart rate variability HRV

Measures autonomic activity such as heart rate or blood pressure