ap world unit 1

confucianism

confucianism

system of ethics/education that stresses love for humanity, ancestor worship, self cultivation, respect for parents

Golden age

centuries in tang/song dynasties that made a lot of arts/literature advancements

ex; poetry, cermaics, landscape paintings

What were the chronologies of chinese dynasties?

Han, Sui, Tang, Song

What were the Sui dynasty foundations?

era of unity/established patterns of chinese life

Neo confucianism

effort to revive confucian thining while incorporating insights of buddism/daoism(living in state of harmony)

!! it influenced daily life of chinese and social/political stability)

censorate

agency that exercised survelliance over government - keeps gov in check and balances power

Song Dynasty Capital of Hongzhou

home to over a million people; very urbanized/traditional/flourished in economics

How did womens lives change in Tang/Song dynasties?

tang dynasty era led less restricted lives - more freedom in social life

song dynasty tightened patriarchal restrictions on women in ieas of submission/indifference

ex; men control social/economical/financial/religious power

foot binding

tight wrapping of young girls feet; associated with images of female beauty and elite families often imposed practice on daughters as it gave them more opportunieis to marry

tribute system

built on the principle of recognizing China's cultural and political dominance. Tributary states would send envoys to China bearing gifts and in return, receive tributes that often exceeded the value of their offerings.

middle kingdom

idea that china was the center of the world and superior through sophisticated developments

kowtow

series of ritual bowings to present tribute to chinese emperor

xiongnu

early nomadic connfederacy/association - powerful and made china emperor recognize them as a political equal

• established mutual respect

tribute system in reality VS chinese understanding of tribute system

Chinese liked the idea that the tribute system = political submission to china as the top of hierarchy

Tribute system in reality = mutual benefits and economic exchange

daoism

withdrawal of world into contemplation of nature/simple living/end of striving

buddhism

suffering caused by desire/attachment, end of suffering by practicing meditation and modest/moral living

What were the religions of Europe

Christianity

• roman catholics in western europe

• easten orthodox in eastern europe

Islam

• mainly in iberian peninsula(spain/portugal)

Judaism

• throughout europe - al-Andalus/eastern/southern europe

how did islam spread to india

arab empire fell and islamic civilization bloomed

• turkish/muslims groups smashed hindu/buddhist temples

sultanate of delhi

islamic empire in delhi that was the establishement of turkish rule —> converted large swathes of population to islam in the region

Why was islam appealing in india?

equality of all beleivers

tax imposed on non-muslims

appealed to poor people on low end of hierarchy system

sufis

holy/god-filled men whom helped with conversion of beliefs

ex analogy; they were like poets that were very traditional and valued growth of stability - interacted with common people

ulama

scholars for religion of islam

why did the beliefs of islam clash with hindu culture?

large cultural divide between hinduism/islam

hinduism worshipped more than one god and islam forbid representation of other gods

kabir

15th century poet that had the idea that god was to be found in the heart - blurred boundaries of hinduism and islam culture

sikhism

new emerged culture that related to kabirs ideas/concepts

• belief of one god(islam) + karma/rebirth(hinduism)

what was anatolia?

peninsula of land in turkey - became heartland of powerful turkish ottoman empire

• smaller population so it was easier to convert people to islam

how did islam spread to west africa?

gradual acceptance → it was peaceful and voluntary no conquest involved

north africa was already islamized

• muslim merchants introduced faith across urban centers of west african empires

timbuktu

west african city in Mali - big center of islamic religoius life

How did islam spread to spain?

al andalus - main site that was conquered by arab. andberber forces

• wave of islamic expansion

golden age

golden age(agriculture/economy) and new phase of art and religion in spain

Mongol attack of baghdad

mongols brutally slaughtered and killed persians

• round city was destroyed and layout of city changed due to the mongol attack

what were the political/economical characteristics of the aztec empire?

loosely structured empire - frequent rebellions, and conquered subjects regularly deliver to aztec rulers high quality goods

mexica

semi nomadic group from northern mexico

• foundation for aztec empire (power/politics/economics)

• military capacity increased under their rule

tenochtitlan

mexica’s established capital city - metropolis of over 150k people). It came to be as a result of them serving as mercenaries, negotiating elite marriage alliances

triple alliance

alliance between mexica and two city states - launched military conquest that brought more of mesoamerica under single government system

chinampas

floating gardens- created from swamplands and produced highly productive agriculture

huitzilopochtli

aztec patron deity - identified w/sun

what were the political/eonomic characteristics of the inca empire?

They had a more procedural government with the divine emperor at the top and 80 inca governors

They had economic relationships within individual continents → demanded labor service instead of tribute from conquered people

gender parallelism

women/men operate sperate but quivalent spheres - allowed them right to self governing

Yuan dynasty

chinese dynastic title that mongols established when they conquered china

khubilai khan

grandson of chinggis khan and chinas mongol ruler

• improved roads/built canals and was an overall good ruler

Hulegu khan

grandson of chinggis khan and first subordinate khan of persia - conquest of persia was very destructive

khutulun

daughter of mongol ruler; incredible strength and wrestling abilities

Kipchak khanate

territory ruled by the khan when mongols conquered russia. mongols ruled from the steppes

what are some cross cultural interactions that the mongol empire generated?

They promoted international commerce and taxed exclusive items to extract wealth from civilizations

they brought two ends of eurasian world into closer contact

• provided secure environment for merchants travelling between europe and china - launched silk roads

pax mongolica

period of stability for conquered cities under mongol empire rule

What is black death

plague that spread across trade routes of mongol empire - carried by rodents and trasnmistted by fleas

!! led to mongols losing control of chinese/persian/rusian civilizations !!

House of wisdom

grand library of baghdad

Ilkhanate

region ruled by a khan in persia

• conquered weak abbasid empire in 1258

• mongols rebuilt and respected islamic civilizations

Golden Horde

region ruled by khan in russia

• constantly raided russia because of weak fuedal system

mandate of heaven

approval of gods - kublai khan wanted it

khanate of jagadai

region of land ruled by khan in central asia

• genghis khan unified the mongols in 1205 and created decimal system

• pax mongolica

decimal system

The decimal system was a system created and utilized by the Khans of the Mongol Empire as a structure of rankings for their military.

caravansaries

gave travelers place to stay - large group of caravans

What goods were traded from china

porcelain, silk

goods traded from east africa

gold, ivory, quartz, slaves, iron, timber

goods traded from southeast asia

spices, sugar

swahili language

spoken in east africa/african tongue

great zimbawe

between zambezi/limpopo rivers in southern swahili

had sources of gold → zimbawe prospered from trade of gold

Monsoon winds

alternating wind currents - stimulated trade/highway for trade on sea

trans-saharan trade

trade between sub saharan africa and north saharan africa- required crossing sahara desert

• camel caravans

• traded coper/salt/dates

• south traded own crops(textiles/metals/gold)

Jenne Jeno

significant trading crossroads; most well known urban cluster(goods transported from boats to donkeys)

lateen sail

The Lateen Sail changed the course of Mediterranean navigation. It was a flexible triangular sail that allowed ships to harness the power of natural resources, specifically headwinds.

how did religion spread with trade

merchants on indian ocean were islamic - muslims gave best prices when trading with other muslim merchants

astralobe

used for navigation - determine the exact time of day and time of year, and calculate position on the earth.

how did governments impact trade

1. States might tax trade, bringing wealth and success to states

2. Laws might be passed to impact trade (favor or limit groups)

how did civilizations take advantage of their location in indian ocean trade?

Southeast Asia is located at the crossroads of the Pacific and Indian Oceans

• strait of Malacca had choke points in global maritime trade that controlled the flow of goods passing between China and India.

• control over key straits allowed them to collect taxes - became wealthy

How was West African Society organized and connected to others?

Islam blended with African traditions: ex; women dress, social customs, and sufis

Their kings and merchants also converted to Islam to benefit power and connections

City of Timbuktu was central religoius center for Islam and located in city of Mali

How was East African society organized and connected to others?

Same thing that Islam blended with African traditions, etc.

Language also blended - bantu and arabic

Traded gold, iron, slaves, timber

To what extent were societies in america connected?

frequent trade within empires - (aztec tribute system and inca labor system )

GOVERNMENT:

aztec empire centralized on conquest/tribute

inca empire centralized on labor from conquered people

Positive and negative effects of mongol empire on life in eurasia?

negative:

millions of deaths

destructions of cities and culture(baghdad, house of wisdom)

diffusion of black plague

positive:

unified china

diffused ideas, goods, technologies

connections and safer silk road

what trade routes spanned and connected regions in post classical world?

Indian Ocean - muslim merchants dominanted and offered better prices to people of same faith(quaran mandates)

Trans-saharan(north africa to west) - gold, salt, enslaved africans

Silk road(middle east to east asia)

-smaller luxury goods/diffused disease and spread buddhism to china

How did the islamic empire connect to people in afro-eurasia?

through religion - islam offered salvation to converts and promoted trade through it

through government - abbsasid empire united from india to spain

what are chinese political traditions that shaped the state?

structure of gov: emperor and bureaucracy of merit = bureaucrats are hired and promoted based on their skills rather than their political connections)

• confucian examination system(recruiting officials in which young male from any class can join to become scholar official)

• this leads to social mobility and ensures competent officials/loyalty