bio 181 exam 1

new traits for each level of organization

emergent properties

who disproved spontaneous generation?

louis pasteur

why aren't creationism and intelligent design science?

they aren't testable or falsifiable

1802, stated traits passed through use or disuse

lamarck

rode HMS beagle, finds endemic species to galapagos island, spends 20 more years researching

charles darwin

came to similar conclusions as darwin, presented ideas in london in 1858 with him

alfred russel wallace

endemic species

native to an area

metabolism, responds to environment, growth and development, adaptation and evolution

traits of living things

statement describing a fact

observation

statement based on interpretation of facts

inference

which to record during experiments?

observations

getting bits of data then making a generalization

induction

begins with a generalization, make predictions after

deduction

collecting and analyzing data, not hypothesis driven

discovery science

series of steps to answer a question logically

scientific method

two things a hypothesis must be

testable and falsifiable

factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely keeps the same

controlled variable

requires much support, hypothesis must be supported repeatedly

theory

science that is not falsifiable, can't be tested

pseudoscience

faulty, unreliable, or biased data to further an agenda

junk science

individuals with faulty characteristics don't survive long enough to reproduce

natural selection

individuals with characteristics that are unattractive to members of group can't reproduce

sexual selection

evidence of evolution

fossil record, vestigial, anatomical

similar traits inherited from the same ancestor (divergent)

homologous traits

similar traits evolved through same functions (convergent)

analogous traits

where has the most evidence been found towards evolution?

biochemical

the two steps needed for evolution

mutation, variation

allele frequencies in small populations change by random chance events

genetic drift

new habitat, a few individuals start new population

founder effect

drastic population reduction

bottleneck

migration of fertile individuals or transfer of gametes from one population to another

gene flow

differential reproduction of individuals with different traits in response to environment

natural selection

the "average" trait is selected

stabilizing

opposites or extremes are selected

disruptive

favors one extreme

directional

doesn't favor one gene over another

balancing selection

opposite forms of a gene exist equally in a population

balanced polymorphism

when mates are chosen because a particular trait is needed

nonrandom mating

sexual selection acts more on males than on females

bateman-trivers theory

individuals of one sex compete

intrasexual

members of one sex choose mates on the basis of certain traits

intersexual

members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

biological speciation

species have unique combinations of features

phylogenetic speciation

species derived from a single lineage distinct from others

evolutionary speciation

each species occupies a niche

ecological speciation

zygotic mortality, hybrid sterility, hybrid breakdown

postzygotic isolating mechanisms

small, progressive changes in a single species over time

anagenesis

cluster of species all derived from single common ancestor (most common)

cladogenesis

geographic isolation leads to new species

allopatric speciation

changes in neighboring populations through natural selection

parapetric speciation

new species evolves in same area as parent species

sympatric speciation

speciation is interrupted by something and branches off

punctuated equilibrium

slow evolution on one path

gradualism