BIOL 101L Final

Elodea kingdom

Plantae

Elodea phylum

Magnoliophyta

Volvox kingdom

Protista

Volvox phylum

Chlorophyte

Human epithilium kingdom

Animalia

Human epithilium phylum

Chordata

Euglena kingdom

Protista

Euglena phylum

Euglenophyta

Paramecium kingdom

Protista

Paramecium phylum

Ciliophora

Formula for change in percent bacteria

((control-treatment)/control) x 100

Chromatography

Polarity

Spectrophotometry

Rate of light reaction

Chlorophyll a

Blue-green

Chlorophyll B

Olive green

Chlorophyll C

In some types of algae

Beta carotene

Yellow-orange

Xanthophylls

Yellow

Spectrophotometry DPIP equation

2H₂O + 2DPIP -light→ 2DPIPH₂ + O₂

Photosynthetic rate

(End-beginning)/time elapsed

Symptoms of breast cancer

Lump in breast or underarm, nipple discharge, change in breast skin appearance

Diagnosis of breast cancer

Screening mammogram, diagnostic mammogram, MRI, ultrasound, biopsy

Breast cancer gene

BRCA1 & BRCA2

Cri-du-chat gene

Deletion of genetic material on part of chromosome 5 (5p-)

Symptoms of cri-du-chat

Abnormally small head and round face, wide nose and wide set eyes, delayed growth, weak muscle tone, heart defects

Cri-du-chat genetic testing

Karyotype chromosomal analysis map, FISH testing, chromosome microarray analysis

Cri-du-chat treatment

Surgery for symptoms, coordination of professionals, genetic counseling

Cystic fibrosis gene

CFTR, autosomal recessive

Cystic fibrosis symptoms

Persistent coughing, lung infections, weight gain and digestive issues

Cystic fibrosis testing

Newborn screening- sweat test & genetic testing

Treatments for cystic fibrosis

CFTR modulators, gene therapy, restricted diets, enzyme supplements, breathing control techniques

PKU gene

On chromosome 12, autosomal recessive

Symptoms of PKU

Intellectual & neurological problems, behavioral problems, small head size, rashes

Testing for PKU

Newborn testing- blood sample; adults- take cells from abdomen (pregnant women can test to see if their child will have PKU)

Treatment for PKU

Specific diet & a PKU formula, currently experimental gene therapies

Sickle cell anemia gene

HBB gene, tells the body to make hemoglobin, autosomal recessive

Sickle cell anemia treatent

Medications or gene therapy

Symptoms of sickle cell anemia

Fatigue, episodes of pain, swelling of hands and feet, frequent infections, delayed growth/puberty, vision problems

Sickle cell anemia testing

Hemoglobin electrophoresis, complete blood count, newborn screening

Turner’s syndrome gene

When one X chromosome is missing or incomplete

Turner’s syndrome symptoms

Short height, delayed puberty, non-working ovaries, a wide neck, sometimes heart or kidney issues

Turner’s syndrome testing

Karyotype test using a blood sample

Turner’s syndrome treatments

Growth hormone therapy, estrogen therapy (must be started around 11-12)

Law of segregation

Each chromosome in a matching pair has an equal chance of being passed on to a given gamete through meiosis

Law of independent assortment

Different chromosomes assort into gametes seperately from each other

Mantle

Thin, fleshy layer that secretes a hard shell

Radula

Rasp-like structure in the mouth for scraping algae and drilling into hard shells of other molluscs

DNA extraction

Sample → tissue lysis → capture and cleaning of DNA → elution of DNA

PCR

Denature, renature, and elongate a small piece of DNA using taq polymerase

Gel electrophoresis

DNA placed in anode, turned on, shorter molecules move farther from beginning

Phenotype ratio for 2 double heterozygotes

9:3:3:1

Foot

Muscular, usually ventral & used for locomotion

Shell

Internal or external calcium carbonate shell or internal chiton shell

Polyplacophora

Chiton

Bivalvia

Clam

Gastropoda

Snail

Cephalopoda

Squid

Chiton habitat

Rocky

Clam habitat

Marine & freshwater

Snail habitat

Aquatic & terrestrial

Squid habitat

Marine (deep water)

Chiton feeding behavior

Scavenger

Clam feeding behavior

Filter feeder

Snail feeding behavior

Scavenger

Squid feeding behavior

Predatory

Chiton locomotion

Rapid movement if disturbed

Clam locomotion

Burrows and sedentary

Snail locomotion

Mobile but slow

Squid locomotion

Jet propulsion

Catalyst

Speeds up rate of reactions by lowering activation energy

Enzyme

Catalyst, remains unchanged, acts on substrates

Cofactor

Required for enzyme activity

Chelating agent

Chemical compounds that bind tightly to metal ions

EDTA binds to

Calcium & magnesium

PTU binds to

Copper

Citric acid binds to

Copper

Ductus arteriosis

Connects aorta & pulmonary artery

Foramen ovale

Connects left and right atria

Path of blood w foramen ovale

Superior vena cava → right atrium →foramen ovale → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → body

Epitrichium

Waxy white layer of epidermis that comes off as more is produced

Urogenital papilla

Bud-like protrusion ventral to the anus on female pigs

Male urogenital opening

Small mound just posterior to the umbilical cord

Umbilical arteries

Transport deoxygenated blood and waste products from the fetal pig to the placenta

Umbilical vein

Allows oxygenated blood and nutrients to enter from placenta

Sternum

Protects vital organs

Thoracic cavity

Holds heart, lungs, etc

Abdominal cavity

Under diaphragm, holds most digestive organs

Diaphragm

Separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

Liver

Processes blood from intestines

Gall bladder

Stores bile produced in the liver

Bile duct

Empties bile into the small intestine from gall bladder

Small intestine

Digests food & absorbs nutrients

Meconium

Greenish-black material formed from amniotic fluid that fills the fetal digestive system

Spleen

Breaks down blood cells

Stomach

Stores food & begins digestion

Caecum

Blind sac at the juntion o the large intestine and small intestine

Large intestine

Absorbs water & vitamins, collects waste

Liver location

Large at front of pig’s right

Gall bladder location

Under right liver lobe

Spleen location

Left of the stomach