lesson 2 a&p 2 Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Sonography Flashcards

Vocabulary and key concepts from the MSK and muscle physiology lecture focused on sonography landmarks, muscle layers, and movement terminology.

Abduction

Movement of a body part away from the midline.

Adduction

Movement of a body part toward the midline.

Plantar flexion

Movement that points the foot downward.

Dorsiflexion

Movement that pulls the foot upward.

Normal Inversion Range

$$30^\circ$$

Normal Eversion Range

$$20^\circ$$

Sternocleidomastoid

Neck muscle running behind the ear down the side of the neck; vital for identifying landmarks in thyroid and carotid scans.

Thyroid Scan Position

Hyperextension of the neck to improve the acoustic window.

Transversus abdominis

The deepest layer of the abdominal wall.

Inguinal ligament

The starting point for DVT studies, specifically for locating the common femoral vein.

Iliopsoas

A lower extremity muscle group frequently tested on exams consisting of the psoas major, psoas minor, and iliacus.

Gastrocnemius veins

Veins that run within the gastrocnemius muscle of the calf.

Soleal veins

Veins that run within the soleus muscle of the calf.

Achilles Tendon Scan Positioning

Patient is placed prone with the probe on the ankle to visualize the insertion into the calcaneus.

Supraspinatus

The muscle on top of the shoulder and the first image obtained in a shoulder sonogram.

Epimysium

A coarse connective tissue sheath that covers the whole muscle.

Perimysium

Connective tissue that binds muscle fascicles together.

Endomysium

A delicate membrane covering individual muscle fibers.

Tendon

Fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

Ligament

Fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.

Origin

The fixed attachment point of a muscle that does not move during contraction.

Insertion

The attachment point of a muscle that moves during contraction.

Brachialis (Bicep Curl)

Functions as the prime mover during a bicep curl.

Triceps brachii (Bicep Curl)

Functions as the antagonist during a bicep curl.

Pronator teres (Bicep Curl)

Functions as the synergist during a bicep curl.

Isotonic contraction

Contraction where the muscle maintains the same tension while the length changes.

Isometric contraction

Contraction where the muscle maintains the same length while the tension changes.

ISO-TONIC (Mnemonic)

Means same tone or same tension.

ISO-METRIC (Mnemonic)

Means same measurement or same length.

Cardiac muscle

Striated involuntary muscle found exclusively in the heart.

Aerobic energy pathway

A slower energy production process that requires adequate oxygen.

Anaerobic energy pathway

A rapid energy process triggered by low oxygen that produces oxygen debt.

Skeletal muscle functions

Movement, heat production, and maintenance of posture.

Anisotropy

An MSK ultrasound artifact resembling shadowing caused by the probe angle relative to a tendon.

Hand Tendons (Transverse View)

Appear as small, circular echogenic structures on ultrasound.

Hand Tendon Confirmation

Dynamic ultrasound assessment by wiggling the fingers to see the structures move.

Esophagus (Thyroid Scanning)

Found on the left side of the thyroid; can be mistaken for a thyroid nodule.

Hypertonia (Clinical Profile)

High muscle tone characterized by stiff limbs, spasms, and difficulty moving.

Hypotonia (Clinical Profile)

Low muscle tone characterized by floppy limbs and joint instability.

Common MSK Hernias

Inguinal, umbilical, and epigastric hernias.

Flexion

A movement that decreases the angle at a joint.

Extension

A movement that increases the angle at a joint.

Hyperextension

Extending a body part beyond its normal range in the opposite direction.

Supination

Turning the palm upward.

Pronation

Turning the palm downward.

Inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward.

Eversion

Turning the sole of the foot outward.

Circumduction

A circular movement of a limb.

Protraction

Jutting the jaw forward.

Retraction

Pulling the jaw back.

Masseter

A muscle along the side of the jaw located near the parotid gland.

Buccinator

A cheek muscle involved in the process of mastication.

Rectus abdominis

A medial, vertical muscle of the abdominal wall.

Linea alba

The midline connective tissue of the abdominal wall.

Calcaneus

The heel bone where the Achilles (calcaneal) tendon inserts.

Levator ani

The most important pelvic floor muscle; significant in both male and female pelvic anatomy.

Prime mover

A muscle that directly performs a specific movement.

Antagonist

A muscle that directly opposes the prime mover.

Synergist

A muscle that contracts with the prime mover to increase the efficiency of a movement.

Fixator

A muscle that serves to stabilize a joint.

Tonic contraction

A state of continual partial contraction that constitutes the normal resting state of muscle.

Flaccid

Describing muscle that has less tone than normal; floppy.

Spastic

Describing muscle that has more tone than normal; stiff or rigid.

Hypertonia

A condition of high muscle tone.

Hypotonia

A condition of low muscle tone.

Myography

A method used to graph the changing tension of a muscle as it contracts.

EPOC

Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption, also referred to as oxygen debt.

Muscular dystrophy

A condition of atrophy or wasting of skeletal muscle; can also occur in bedridden patients.

Myasthenia gravis

An autoimmune disorder that negatively affects muscle function.

Common femoral vein

The specific vascular structure located at the level of the inguinal ligament during DVT exams.

Psoas major

A component muscle of the iliopsoas group.

Psoas minor

A component muscle of the iliopsoas group.

Iliacus

A component muscle of the iliopsoas group.

Gastrocnemius

A calf muscle containing the gastrocnemius veins.

Soleus

A calf muscle containing the soleal veins.

Calcaneal tendon

Alternative name for the Achilles tendon.

MSK Shadowing Artifact

Anisotropy, which can appear as shadowing due to incorrect probe angulation.

Muscle fascicles

Bundles of muscle fibers bound together by perimysium.

Muscle fibers

Individual components of muscle covered by the endomysium.

Atrophy

Wasting of skeletal muscle seen in muscular dystrophy or immobilization.

Mastication

The act of chewing, involving muscles like the buccinator.

Connective tissue hierarchy

Epimysium (outer), perimysium (middle), and endomysium (inner).

Common DVT Starting Point

The common femoral vein at the level of the inguinal ligament.

Isometric Example

Pushing against a wall, where length is the same and tension changes.

Isotonic Example

Performing a bicep curl, where tension is the same and length changes.