1920s Test

Postwar years problems

Navitism - strong anti-immigrant feeling in US directed to people from Southern & Eastern Europe

• many war time employees got jobs

• violent labor strikes and random bombings

• communists were blamed for many prolems

League of Nations

was rejected by US & overall ineffective

women

rights and status continued to improve and have full voting rights by 1920

Great Migration

African Americans continued to move North and about 1mil moved by the early 1920s

Red Scare

period in US in early 1920s when there was an intense fear of communist, radical ideas spreading

communism

system of gov in which there are no classes & work, money, and land is shared

subversives

people who want to overthrow gov and were often linked with communism

A. Mitchell Palmer

attorney general who led a crusade against communism

Palmer Raids

Palmer and authorities would go to homes of suspected communists, went through belongings and had many arrested (6,000 arrested or deported)

A.C.L.U (American Civil Liberties Union)

said what Palmer was doing was illegal and he had no evidence

National Origins Act

lowered immigration quotas (certain requirement)

Sacco-Vanzetti Case

Italian immigrants who were charged with robbery and murder in Massachusetts

Nicolas Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti

anarchists who did not receive fair trial because of political beliefs

anarchists

don’t believe in government

evidence

both had guns, both lied to police about where they were, witnesses saw Italian looking men at the scene

Judge Webster Thayer

anti-immigrant and used their political beliefs as evidence

• result: both were executed

Warren G Harding (R) 1921-1923

newspaper owner and Ohio senator

personality of Harding

calm, conservative, popular, poor judge of character, loved to party

1920 election

“a return to normalcy”

• opposed league of nations

• 1st election women voted across the country

Policies of Harding

pro business, cut gov. spending, lowered taxes

Bureau of the Budget

monitored the nation’s expenses for the first time

Washington Conference

1st ever disarmament agreement when Harding brought nations together to reduce military

civil rights

1st pres since Grant to openly speak about civil rights when he addressed problems like segregation and lynching

downfall

he gave gov. jobs to his friends

Ohio gang

name for his friends because they were known for drinking, gambling, being in scandals, etc

Teapot Dome Scandal

Albert Fall (Sec. of Interior) was accused of seling US Navy property to oil men and keeping some of the money; Harding didn’t know of the sound scandal right away, but didn’t act when he found out

Harry Daugherty (Attorney gen.)

was accussed of selling pardons to criminals and ignoring Teapot Dome scandal

1925

Harding died suddenly and news of scandals broke out after his death

Calvin Coolidge (R) 1923-29 - silent Cal

long career in Mass. politics and VP

Personality of Cal

quiet, shy, conservative

problems with Cal

had to deal w/ scandals, restore image of Republican party, poverty among farmers

policies of Cal

pro business, believed in small gov, & racial equality

philosophy

“the business of America is business”

1924 election

Cal won easily w/ the slogan “Keep cool with Coolidge”

Indian Citizenship Act

granted full citizenship to Native Americans

Kellogg-Briand Pact

US, France, and 30 other nations agreed to outlaw war and make it illegal

• no means to enforce it however

1928

Cal chose not to run again

Herbert Hoover (R) 1929-1933

engineer, millionaire, considered a hero for heading Food Admin. during WWI

personality of Hoover

business-like, somber, conservative, and did not relate well to other people

problem w/ Hoover

lost public support about 1st year in office

1928 election

defeated Al Smith (D) - first catholic to run for president

• prohibition & religion were main issues

• Hoover supported prohibition

• Smith opposed prohibition

• American ppl were afraid of change, so they chose religion over alcohol

1929

Great Depression began & Hoover was blamed