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Chemical Bonding

Ionic Bonding

Involves a transfer of electrons. One element loses electrons and the other gains electrons

Covalent Bonding

Involves the sharing of electrons between atoms. These bonds can form between two nonmetals, resulting in molecules. It also lets Atoms reach a stable electron configuration

What is the Octet Rule?

The Octet Rule states that atoms are most stable when they have a full set of eight electrons in their outer shell, which typically occurs when they form bonds. The Atoms either gain or lose enough electrons to be isoelectronic with a noble gas

Electron Dot Structures

A way to show the number of valence electrons in an Atom

The number of valence electrons are determined by…

what group the element is in

Valence electrons determine chemical reactivity

Elements in the same group behave the same

Ionic bonds form when…

an electron is transferred from one atom to another, creating charged ions that attract each other.

What is an Ionic compound made up of?

Crystals 

A crystal consists of…

A 3D repeating pattern of alternating Cations and Anions

Formula Unit

The lowest whole number ratio of Ions

Whats special about Ionic compounds 

Ionic compounds have high melting points and conduct electricity when melted or dissolved 

Properties of ionic bonds

Ionic bonds are very strong and are solids at room temperature. They have high melting and boiling points. Made up of metals and non-metals. Does not conduct electricity in the solid state but does in the liquid and gas

aqueous 

Dissolved in water 

Empirical Formulas

The chemical formula for the ionic compound is arranged in the smallest whole-number ration is known as an Empirical Formula

Covalent Bonding

A Sharing of electrons

A single covalent bond is made up of…

two electrons. None electron is donated to the bond from each atom

Covalent Bonding is made from….

Non-metals only

Atoms that are covalently bonded are called

molecules or molecular compounds

Properties of molecular compounds

Covalent bonds are weaker that ionic bonds. They have much lower melting and boiling points. Is a solid, liquid or gas at room temperature. Non-conductors in any state.

Molecular Formula

Indicates the exact makeup of one molecule

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR)

The electron pairs ( both shared and unshared) in the outermost energy level try to get as far apart from each other as possible (determines the shape)

Linear

central atom must have no unshared pair

Bent 

Central atom can have one or two unshared pairs of electrons 

Trigonal Planar

Central atom must have no unshared pairs

pyramid

Central atom has one unshared pair

Tetrahedral 

Central atom has no unshared pairs 

Trigonal Bipyramidal

central atom has no unshared pairs

For elements in period 3 and higher, when bonded to Cl or F, will have an expanded octet.

polar bond

bonds where the electrons are shared unequality between atoms The atom that is more electronegative will pull the electrons closer to itself. When atoms are different, each has a different pull 

Non-polar Bond

Ionic Bonding

Involves a transfer of electrons. One element loses electrons and the other gains electrons

Covalent Bonding

Involves the sharing of electrons between atoms. These bonds can form between two nonmetals, resulting in molecules. It also lets Atoms reach a stable electron configuration

What is the Octet Rule?

The Octet Rule states that atoms are most stable when they have a full set of eight electrons in their outer shell, which typically occurs when they form bonds. The Atoms either gain or lose enough electrons to be isoelectronic with a noble gas

Electron Dot Structures

A way to show the number of valence electrons in an Atom

The number of valence electrons are determined by…

what group the element is in

Valence electrons determine chemical reactivity

Elements in the same group behave the same

Ionic bonds form when…

an electron is transferred from one atom to another, creating charged ions that attract each other.

What is an Ionic compound made up of?

Crystals

A crystal consists of…

A 3D repeating pattern of alternating Cations and Anions

Formula Unit

The lowest whole number ratio of Ions

Whats special about Ionic compounds

Ionic compounds have high melting points and conduct electricity when melted or dissolved

Properties of ionic bonds

Ionic bonds are very strong and are solids at room temperature. They have high melting and boiling points. Made up of metals and non-metals. Does not conduct electricity in the solid state but does in the liquid and gas

aqueous

Dissolved in water

Empirical Formulas

The chemical formula for the ionic compound is arranged in the smallest whole-number ration is known as an Empirical Formula

Covalent Bonding

A Sharing of electrons

A single covalent bond is made up of…

two electrons. None electron is donated to the bond from each atom

Covalent Bonding is made from….

Non-metals only

Atoms that are covalently bonded are called

molecules or molecular compounds

Properties of molecular compounds

Covalent bonds are weaker that ionic bonds. They have much lower melting and boiling points. Is a solid, liquid or gas at room temperature. Non-conductors in any state.

Molecular Formula

Indicates the exact makeup of one molecule

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR)

The electron pairs ( both shared and unshared) in the outermost energy level try to get as far apart from each other as possible (determines the shape)

Linear

central atom must have no unshared pair

Bent

Central atom can have one or two unshared pairs of electrons

Trigonal Planar

Central atom must have no unshared pairs

pyramid

Central atom has one unshared pair

Tetrahedral

Central atom has no unshared pairs

Trigonal Bipyramidal

central atom has no unshared pairs

For elements in period 3 and higher, when bonded to Cl or F, will have an expanded octet.

polar bond

bonds where the electrons are shared unequality between atoms. The atom that is more electronegative will pull the electrons closer to itself. When atoms are different, each has a different pull

Non-polar Bond

A bond where electrons are shared equally between atoms, due to similar electronegativity.

Polar rules

1. Different atoms around a central atom will always be polar molecules.

2. Same atoms around a central atom are always nonpolar molecules. 

3. Unshared electron pairs count as different atoms.