Rousseau

what two kinds of inequality does Rousseau distinguish between in the Second Discourse

natural and moral/political inequality

example of some natural inequalities

age, health, strength, qualities of mind

rousseau thinks most of our ills and illnesses are … (SECOND DISCOURSE)

of our own making through extreme inequality

in the same way that horses and bulls have been domesticated, man has become (SECOND DISCOURSE)

sociable and a slave

what qualities does man in the state of nature share with animals

amour-de-soi and pitie

what’s the definition of perfectibility, and who gives this definition

capacity in original human nature to develop new characteristics under the right circumstances, Neuhouser

is perfectibility bad in itself

no

what is the original condition of man according to Rousseau

pitie

what is artifice

the artificial institutions of society which are corrupting and upholding unnatural inequality

to avoid war, what did the rich property owners offer the poor

rights and protections by a government, under the condition that they could keep their property

how did metallurgy and agriculture create dependent relationships

the farmer needs the toolmaker to grow crops, and the toolmaker needs the farmer for food

what makes man different from animals in the state of nature (SECOND DISCOURSE)

perfectibility and free agent

does Rousseau think the state of nature was anarchy, like Hobbes or Pufendorf did

no

why did Rousseau think bonds of servitude emerged (SECOND DISCOURSE)

men’s mutual dependence on each other

where did moral/political inequalities stem from

men living together and noticing natural inequalities

what idea led to the emergence of domination and subjection (SECOND DISCOURSE)

private property

who thought that you could give up yuor freedom the way you give up other goods - Rousseau strongly disagrees

pufendorf

what does Rousseau say freedom is - we cannot give it up

inalienable

describe how the social contract forms

the people unite all their wills into a single will

does the social contract obligate all members

yes

what is Rousseau trying to achieve in The Social Contract

create a practical theory about legitimate administration, taking men as they are and laws as they can be

what shift does Rousseau argue man has undergone (THE SOCIAL CONTRACT)

natural freedom to social state of slavery

what idea do Hobbes, Pufendord and Grotious share about someone having the right to rule, Rousseau firmly rejects this

leader has a right because of superior qualities

how does Rousseau understand the social contract as not impinging on people’s freedom - quote

by uniting with all, each associate nevertheless obeys only himself and remains as free as before

each individual is a member of the sovereign towards a private individual and a member of the state towards the sovereign - what is this (THE SOCIAL CONTRACT)

double relation

what’s the ominous line in the social contract that has been interpreted in different ways

man is forced to be free

two qualities of sovereignty beginning with ‘i’ (THE SOCIAL CONTRACT)

inalienable and indivisible

what two kinds of will does Rousseau distinguish between (THE SOCIAL CONTRACT)

the general will and the will of all

what does the will of all contain, whereas the general will is about common interest

conflicting interest

rousseau describes political institutions as _______ and acknowledges that no institution will last forever

living organisms

what are the twofold roles of the citizen in Rousseau’s republic, in relation to the sovereign/geenral will

they are a member of the sovereign and they are an individual member of the republic who obeys the sovereign

how does Rousseau form the general will (THE SOCIAL CONTRACT)

from all the particular wills, take away the plus and minuses, you are left with the general will

in what part of THE SOCIAL CONTRACT does Rousseau argue there needs to be a degree of social equality, so no man can buy another or has to sell himself

book II chapter 11

does Rousseau think one kind of government fits every society

no

if a state is large with lots of citizens, what style of government is best according to Rousseau

monarchy

if someone usurps power, the social pact is broken and what happens (THE SOCIAL CONTRACT)

natural freedom is restored, citizens don’t need to obey

who argues against seeing Rousseau purely as a political philosopher, thinks that instead Rousseau builds a political system out of his ideas about individuals

N J H Dent

how does Dent argue Rousseau approaches politics

starts with individuals (outside political contexts) and approaches politics from this angle

who interrogates what Rousseau meant by natural

Dent

what does Dent argue Rousseau meant by natural

that which remains present and operative even though a person is thoroughly socialized

elements of a man’s character are natural if there are no traces in their condition of …

being controlled by another, Dent

does Dent think we should see amour-de-soi and amour-propre as mutually exclusive

no

in what text does Rousseau point towards a valuable kind of amour-propre, who points this out

emile, Dent

who looks at the famous line of “forced to be free” and challenges the claim that it is Rousseau justifying authoritarianism

john hope mason

what does Mason argue Rousseau thinks about freedom and laws, what’s the version in nature

no freedom without law, natural law

what role does Mason look to clarify, that has been misread as a justification of force by many

the legislator

rousseau is not saying that the state should never use force, but that the force should never go beyond …

applying the law, Mason

who elaborates the ways in which Rousseau’s political thought is dependent on the principle of the free will

neuhouser

what 2 ways does Rousseau take the general will to realize the freedom of citizens, who argues this

embodiment and precondition of freedom, neuhouser

the 2 different ways that the general will realizes individual freedom is based on 2 distinct conceptions of political freedom - what are they and who says this

subjective and objective freedom, neuhouser

what does Neuhouser say aout the freedom that first defines our nature as human beings - could potentially challenge

its constituted by the state

membership in the state embodies _____, while political membership is a precondition of _________ according to Neuhouser

moral freedom, civil freedom

rousseeau largely defines freedom as not being under the will of others; what is this called and who says this

negative freedom, neuhouser

who suggests freedom and dependence are not as inimical in Rousseau’s thought as some people think

neuhouser

where did Rousseau grow up, republic surrounded by monarchies

geneva

who explains the physical/moral inequality distinction, the way they aren’t connected (maybe complexify this a bit, highlight a shortcoming), the difference between Rousseau and Hobbes/Pufendorf

robert wokler

who points out that private propert was the msot fundamental principle of obligation and dependence

robert wokler

Wokler argues that the transition from nature to civil society substitutes a ______ equality for our natural equality

moral and legitimate

who says the claim of being forced to be free is a strange/weak part of Rousseau’s argument

robert wokler

keohane argues Rousseau distinguishes himself from thinkers who base morality on …

coordinated self-interest

does Rousseau think we can return to barbarism

no, Keohane

what srt of interests does Keohane argue the social contract tries to create

institutions uniting common and private interests

what does the legislator help cultivate, who argues this

civic habits and patriotism, keohane

what 3 types of common interest does keohane track as developing on from each other

practical cooperation - shared pleasures - common interest in political life

freedom to pursue one’s happiness under the law VS freedom citizens possess when participating in the making of the law - what distinction, who says this

civil liberty vs moral liberty, keohane

who looks at the role Rousseau played in anthropology, in his analysis of the transition from nature to culture

robert wokler

wokler argues that Rousseau saw civilisation as …

a process of self-domestication

how did Rousseau understand language

socially developed, wokler

what does Wokler argue language offers us for Rousseau’s thought

a general paradigm of the transposition of physical dissimilarities to moral distinctions

explain Wokler’s idea of the language paradigm

language markers attached to thoughts = moral distinctions attached to physical difference