Infant and Child Development Exam 1 Review Rutgers University

social policy

policies that are intended to promote the welfare of individuals in a society

physical development

biological changes that occur in the body and brain, including changes in size and strength, integration of sensory and motor activities, and development of fine and gross motor skills

cognitive development

changes in the way children think, understand, and reason as they grow older.

social-emotional development

changes in the ways we connect to other individuals and express and understand emotions

nature

the influence of genetic inheritance on development

nurture

the influence of learning and the environment on children's development

stages of child development (age ranges)

infant (year 1), toddler (1-3), early childhood (3-6), middle childhood (6-12), and adolescence (12-18)

stage theories

theories of development in which each stage of life is seen as qualitatively different from the ones that come before or after (ex: walking vs crawling)

incremental theories

theories in which development is a result of continuous quantitative changes (ex. height in inches)

equifinality

the principle by which different developmental pathways may result in the same outcome (ex: depression may come from environment and genetics)

multi finality

principle by which the same pathways may lead to different developmental outcomes (ex: children of abuse may develop depression or resilience)

developmental psychopathology

sees mental and behavioral problems as distortions of normal developmental processes rather than as illnesses

positive youth development

finding ways to help all young people reach their full potential

socialization

process of instilling the norms, attitudes, and beliefs of a culture in its children

culture

the system of behaviors, norms, beliefs, and traditions that form to promote the survival of a group that lives in a particular env. niche

individualism

cultural value that emphasizes the individual with emphasis on independence and reliance on ones own abilities (US)

collectivism

cultural value that emphasizes obligations to others within your group

perceptual bias

tendency to see and understand something in the way you expect it to be

developmental theory

model of development based on observations that allows us to make predictions

psychoanalytic theory

freuds theory in which the way we deal with biological urges moves us through a series of stages that shape our personalities

ID

part of personality that consists of basic drives, such as sex and hunger

pleasure principle

the idea that the id seeks immediate gratification for all of its urges to feel pleasure

ego

contends with the reality of the world and controls basic drives

reality principle

ego has the ability to deal with the real world and not just drives and fantasy

superego

conscience, sense of right and wrong

unconscious mind

contains thoughts and feelings which we are unaware

psychosexual stages

freuds idea that at each stage sexual energy is invested in a different part of the body

oral stage

first stage, sex drive is centered on the mouth stage

anal stage

second stage, toddlers sexual energy is focused on the anus

phallic stage

third stage, children aged 3-6 overcome their attraction to the opposite sex parent and begin to identify with the same sex parent

latency stage

fourth stage, children aged 6-12, sex drive goes underground

genital stage

fifth and final stage, children 12+ develop adult sexuality

freuds psychosexual stages

oral (infant)

anal (toddler)

phallic (3-6)

latency (6-12)

genital (12+)

psychosocial stages

erikson's stages based on a central conflict to be resolved involving the social world and the development of identity

behaviorism

Watson, environmental control of observable behavior

phobia

irrational fear of something specific that is so severe that it interferes with day-to-day functioning

operant conditioning

response follows a behavior causes that behavior to happen more

reinforcement

response to a behavior that causes that behavior to happen more

negative reinforcement

in OC, response that makes a behavior more likely to happen again because it removes an unpleasant stimulus

shaping behavior

reinforcing behavior to become progressively more like the desired behavior

extinction

in OC, behavior stops when it receives no response from the environment

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

application of principles of behaviorism to change behavior of individuals with a range of difficulties, including autism spectrum disorder

functional behavioral assessment

id of reinforcements that are maintaining undesirable behavior in order to change them and reduce the behaviors

social cognitive therapy

theory that individuals learn by observing others and imitating their behavior

self-efficacy

belief that our ability to influence our own functioning and life circumstances

constructivism

idea that humans actively construct their understanding of the world, rather than passively receiving knowledge

dynamic assessment

a testing procedure that uses a test-intervene-test procedure to assess the examinee's potential to change

collaborative learning

educational strategy that allows groups of students who are at different ability levels to work together on a common goal

stores model

info is processed through a series of mental locations

Connectionist or Neural Network Model

process is envisioned as a neural network that consists of concept nodes that are intercon

developmental cognitive neuroscience

study of the relation between cog dev and the dev of the brain

ethology

study of the adaptive value of animal and human behavior on the environment

imprinting

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

sociobiology

app of principles of evolution to the development of social behavior and culture

Brofenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory

microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem

microsystem

face to face interaction of the person in immediate settings (home, school)

mesosystem

interaction between various settings (Childs school and home)

exosystem

settings the child never encounters (parents place of work)

macrosystem

cultural norms that guide the nature of the organizations and places that make up everyday life (democracy in Us)

chronosytem

dimension of time, ones age and the history that someone lives in

dynamic systems theory

all aspects of development interact and affect each other in a dynamic process over time

neuropsychology

interaction of brain and behavior

behavioral genetics

research to determine the degree of genetic basis for a behavior, trait, or an ability

applied research

primary goal of solving problems or improving the human condition

hypothesis

prediction often based on theoretical ideas or observations

operationalize

define a concept in a way that allows it to be measured

variable

characteristic that can be measured and that can have different values

generalize

draw inferences from the findings of research on a specific sample about a larger group or population

anecdotal evidence

casually collected, informal. generally a personal testimony

observer bias

tendency for a an observer to notice and report events that the observer is expecting to see

ethnography

qualitative research technique in which a researcher lives within a group of people as a participant observer

natural or quasi experiment

research in which the members of the groups are selected because they represent different treatment groups (unintentional situation)

attrition

loss of participants over the course of a longitudinal study

sample bias

changes in the makeup of a sample of a longitudinal or sequential study that make the sample less representative over time

cohort effect

differences between groups in a cross sectional design that are attributable to the fact that participants have had different life experiences (age range is large enough to produce different birth cohorts, adults and snapchat)

micro genetic design

frequent observations of participants during a time of change or transition

effect size

statistical measure of how large the difference is between groups being compared

meta-anaylsis

statistical procedure that combines data from different studies to determine whether there is a consistent pattern of findings across situations

behavioral genetics

degree of genetic basis for a behavior

chromosomes

strands of genes that consitute the human genetics endowment

fertilization

unions of sperm and egg to produce a zygote

zygote

fertilized egg

genome

complete sequence of bases that up the genetic instructions of an organism

mutations

changes in the formation of genes that occurs when cells divide

nucleotide

organic molecule that contains one of the four bases with a phosphate group and a sugar molecule

bases

G, A, T and C

polygenic inheritance

numerous genes that may interact together to promote ant particular trait or behaviro

pleiotropic genes

many different influences a single gene may have (aggression and heart rate)

generalist genes

genes that affect many, apparently distinct cognitive abilities

single gene disorders

genetic disorders caused by a single recessive gene or mutation

chromosome disorders

disorders from too many or too few chromosomes

multifactoral inheritance disorders

disorders that result from many genes in interaction with environmental influences

amniocentesis

test to look for prenatal genetic abnormalities, large needle is used to obtain amniotic fluid

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

test for prenatal genetic abnormalities, tube is inserted and cells are taken from the chorion

chorion

outer fetal membrane that surrounds the fetus and gives rise to the placenta

gene therapy

treatment by implanting or disabling specific genes

heritability

measured of the extent to which genes determine a particular behavior or characteristic

concordance rate

degree to which a trait or an ability of one individual is similar to that of another, examine similarities between twins and among adopted children and their biological and adoptive parents

canalization

the degree to which the expression of a gene is influenced by the environment (deep=unaffected)

epigenetic

system by which genes are activated or silenced in response to events or circumstances in the individuals environment