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47 Terms
1
Hypothesis
A testable prediction or explanation for an observation or phenomenon.
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Prediction
A statement forecasting a future outcome, often framed as an if/then statement.
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Control Group
A group in an experiment that does not receive treatment, used for comparison.
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Experimental Group
The group in an experiment that receives the treatment or intervention.
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Independent Variable
The factor that is manipulated in an experiment to test its effects.
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Dependent Variable
The response measured in an experiment, which is influenced by changes in the independent variable.
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Replication
The process of repeating an experiment to increase reliability and validity of results.
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8
Randomization
The practice of selecting samples randomly to avoid bias in scientific experiments.
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9
Dissecting Microscope
A microscope used for observing larger specimens in three dimensions.
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10
Compound Light Microscope
A microscope that uses lenses to magnify small specimens for observation.
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11
SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)
A type of electron microscope that provides a three-dimensional image of a specimen.
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12
TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope)
A type of electron microscope that produces two-dimensional images by transmitting electrons through a specimen.
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13
Focusing Procedure
Steps to adjust a microscope's focus, starting with the lowest power and using coarse and fine adjustments.
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14
Total Magnification
Calculated by multiplying the lens power of the objective by the eyepiece magnification.
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15
Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high to low concentration.
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16
Diffusion
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
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17
Isotonic Solution
A solution with equal solute concentration to that inside a cell.
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18
Hypotonic Solution
A solution with lower solute concentration compared to that inside a cell.
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19
Hypertonic Solution
A solution with higher solute concentration compared to that inside a cell.
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20
Plasmolysis
The process in which cells lose water in a hypertonic environment, causing the cell membrane to pull away from the cell wall.
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21
Lysis
The rupture of a cell due to excess fluid intake in a hypotonic environment.
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22
Turgid
The state of a plant cell when it is full of water and the pressure from the vacuole pushes the cell membrane against the cell wall.
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23
Cell Theory
A fundamental concept in biology stating that all living organisms are composed of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
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Prokaryotes
Single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
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Eukaryotes
Organisms made up of cells that contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
An energy-carrying molecule found in the cells of all living things.
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Aerobic Respiration
A type of respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen.
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Anaerobic Respiration
Respiration that occurs without oxygen, often resulting in byproducts like alcohol or lactic acid.
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29
Enzyme
A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions in the body.
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Denaturation
A process in which proteins lose their structure and function due to external stressors like temperature or pH.
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Monosaccharides
The simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar molecules like glucose and fructose.
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Polysaccharides
Complex carbohydrates formed by long chains of monosaccharides.
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Vitamins
Organic compounds that are essential for various metabolic processes.
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Minerals
Inorganic nutrients necessary for the body’s functioning, often involved in enzyme reactions.
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Essential Amino Acids
The nine amino acids that the body cannot synthesize and must be obtained through diet.
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Blood Components
The different parts of blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.
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Homeostasis
The maintenance of a stable internal environment in an organism.
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Active Transport
The movement of substances across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
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Passive Transport
The movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy.
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Nucleic Acids
Biomolecules (DNA and RNA) that carry genetic information.
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41
Glycolysis
The process of breaking down glucose to extract energy, occurring in the cytoplasm.
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Krebs Cycle
A series of chemical reactions in aerobic respiration that generates energy through oxidation of acetyl-CoA.
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Electron Transport Chain
A sequence of proteins that transfer electrons and create ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.
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Fluid Mosaic Model
A model describing the structure of cell membranes as a mosaic of various proteins moving laterally in a fluid phospholipid bilayer.
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Antioxidants
Molecules that can donate an electron to free radicals, reducing oxidative stress.
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Chemosynthesis
The process by which some organisms create food using chemicals as an energy source instead of sunlight.
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Ecosystem
A community of living organisms interacting with their environment.
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