Experimental Design and Correlational Limitations (Video Notes)

Flashcards covering key concepts from the notes on disadvantages of correlational research, variables, experimental design, random assignment, and cross-sectional vs longitudinal research.

What is the bidirectionality problem in correlational research?

The direction of causation between two variables cannot be determined; either variable could influence the other.

Why can't correlational studies establish causation?

Because correlation does not imply causation; there may be a third variable or reverse causation.

What is a third-variable factor (confounding variable)?

A variable that can cause both variables in a study, producing a spurious association.

In an experiment, what is the independent variable?

The manipulated factor that researchers believe influences the behavior.

In an experiment, what is the dependent variable?

The outcome that changes in response to the manipulation of the independent variable.

What is an experimental group?

The group that receives the independent variable or treatment.

What is a control group?

The comparison group treated the same as the experimental group except for the absence of the manipulated variable.

What is random assignment and why is it used?

A procedure that gives each participant an equal chance of being placed in either group, helping control for extraneous or confounding variables.

What is a constant in an experiment?

A factor that is kept the same for all participants to isolate the effect of the independent variable.

What is the cross-sectional approach?

A research design in which individuals of different ages are studied at the same point in time to compare age groups.

What is the longitudinal approach?

A research design in which the same individuals are studied over time, often for several years.

How are factors controlled in an experiment besides the manipulated variable?

All other factors are held constant to isolate the effect of the independent variable.

What is the purpose of random assignment for confounding variables?

To distribute extraneous variables equally across groups, reducing systematic differences.

What is the difference between an experimental group and a control group?

Experimental group receives the treatment; control group does not and serves as a baseline.

What is the typical duration of a longitudinal study?

Usually several years or more, tracking the same individuals over time.