Industrial Revolution

Agricultural Revolution

A time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically. Also known as Agrarian Revolution.

Enclosure Movement

Practice of fencing or enclosing common lands into individual holdings. Small tenant farmers couldn't afford the land so pushed people to the cities to find work.

crop rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

Domestic System

Early industrial labor system in which workers produced goods at home.

assembly line

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.

Steam Engine (James Watt)

invented by James in mid 1700s, powered by steam and coal that could pump water from mines three times as quickly as previous engines.

Entrepreneur

A person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business.

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban (city) settlements.

Adam Smith

Scottish philosopher and a pioneer of political economics. Seen today as the father of Capitalism. Wrote "The Wealth of Nations" (1776).

Karl Marx

19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Believed in a classless society.

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Socialism

the people as a whole rather than private individuals would own and operate the means of production.

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

Monopoly

Complete control of a product or business by one person or group.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Sadler report

A report on child labor conditions that led to new laws against child labor because of bad working conditions.

labor union

An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

1. Agricultural Revolution

2. Population Explosion

3. Energy Revolution

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain?

1. Natural Resources & Geography

2. Labor & Capital

3. Entrepreneurs & Inventors

4. Favorable climate for Business

Innovations of the Industrial Revolution

Steam Engine

Less-expensive & better quality iron

Medical advancements - IE. anesthesia

Seed Drill

New sources of energy - using natural resource (IE. coal, water)

Cotton gin

Spinning Jenny

Flying Shuttle

Effect of the increase in population from the Industrial Revolution

Rapid urbanization-as small downs became busy industrial centers, labor & people were greatly changed.

1. Major benefits for entrepreneurs

2. New middle class - clean, pleasant neighborhoods

3. Poor lived in crowded, unsanitary tenements

Positive Results of the Industrial Revolution

Labor Unions form

More job opportunities & more goods available - lower prices.

Chances for social mobility & higher standards of living.

New technology

Communication & transportation

Cities

Expanded trade, education, mid class, role of women

Medicine

Negative Results of the Industrial Revolution

Harsh conditions in factories & mines - unsafe, long hours, low wages, women & children

Growth of Big Business & monopolies - negative for competition

Living Conditions - pollution, disease, fire

How did Parliament respond to the problems in Britain caused by the Industrial Revolution?

Many reforms, Acts, Bills, etc to work toward women's suffrage & worker's rights