Carnivores

Brachiocephalic trunk

First branch of the aortic arch

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This supplies the forearm + cephalic regions

Left subclavian

Second branch of the aortic arch

Right subclavian

First branch of the brachiocephalic trunk

Pulmonary trunk

Arteries directly from the heart that supply the lungs

Vertebral arteries

Arteries branching from the subclavian arteries, that travel in the transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae to supply the brain + vertebral collumn

Costocervical trunk

Second branch of the subclavian arteries.

This supplies the dorsal neck

Superficial cervical artery

3rd subclavian artery branch.

This supples the ventral neck

Internal thoracic artery

4th subclavian artery branch.

This runs along the dorsal sternum surface, branching to the ventral intercostal arteries.

It then becomes the cranial epigastric + musculophrenic arteries

Internal carotid artery

Branch of the common carotid artery that supplies the brain

External carotid artery

Branch of the common carotid artery that supplies the head + neck

Axillary artery

What the subclavian artery becomes when it reaches the forelimb

Somatic nervous system

Nervous system excluding the brain and spinal cord.

The peripheral nervous system associated with voluntary body control

Autonomic nervous system

Nervous system controlling involuntary physiological processes (BP, HR, respiration, digestion, etc)

Vagus nerve

Nerve for thoracic parasympathetic innervation

Cardiac plexus

Structure that controls heart rate

Pulmonary plexus

Structure that influences bronchiole dilation

Coeliac artery

Unpaired artery that supplies the foregut. This has 3 branches:

* Left gastric artery
* Splenic artery
* Hepatic artery

Cranial mesenteric artery

Unpaired artery that supplies the midgut

Caudal mesenteric artery

Unpaired artery that supplies the hindgut

Hepatic portal vein

Vein that drains to the liver for detoxification and filtering

Ileocolic vein

Vein that drains the hindgut

Cranial mesenteric vein

Vein that drains the jejunum + ileum

Splenic vein

Vein that drains the spleen

Gastroduodenal vein

Vein that drains the stomach + duodenum

Caudal vena cava

Vein that drains blood from the liver to the heart

Left gastric artery

Branch of the coeliac artery that supplies the stomach

Splenic artery

Branch of the coeliac artery that supplies the spleen

Hepatic artery

Branch of the coeliac artery that supplies the RHS of the stomach + liver itself.

This branches as:

* Right gastric artery
* Right gastroepiploic artery

Parasympathetic

Rest + digest

Sympathetic

Fight + flight

Diaphragmatic surface

Surface of the liver, where you are viewing from their head

Visceral surface

Surface of the liver where you are viewing from their body cavity

Coronary ligament

Circular ligament that attaches the liver to the diaphragm

Bile duct

Transport vessel taking bile from the liver → duodenum

Canaliculi

Structures in the liver lobules that collect newly produced bile.

Bile then goes → ductules → hepatic ducts

Cystic duct

A side-branch at the level of the common trunk that takes bile to the gall bladder for storage

Common trunk

Combined hepatic ducts

Exocrine pancreas

Part of the pancreas that secretes digestive enzymes

Pancreatic ducts

Transport vessels that take digestive enzymes from the exocrine pancreas to the duodenum

Endocrine pancreas

Part of the pancreas with islets of langerhans, to secrete insulin, glucagon, and gastrin

Islets of langerhans

Clumps of endocrine pancreatic tissue living between the exocrine acinar cells

Acinar cells

Exocrine pancreatic tissue cells

Left pancreatic lobe

The thicker, shorter pancreatic lobe that lies over the caudal stomach surface

Right pancreatic lobe

The lobe of the pancreas that is parallel to the duodenum

Major duodenal papilla

The opening in the duodenum for pancreatic and bile duct emptying

Minor duodenal papilla

The opening in the duodenum for additional pancreatic secretion

Peritoneum

Serosal layer that lines the inner abdominal + pelvic cavities, made of flattened mesothelial cells supported by fibrous connective tissue.

Flattened mesothelial cells

The cells of the peritoneum, supported by fibrous connective tissue

Parietal layer

Layer of the peritoneum that attaches to body cavity walls

Visceral layer

Layer of the peritoneum that covers the internal organs

Mesentery

2 folded layers of peritoneum that support and suspend organs

Peritonitis

Inflammation of peritoneal membranes, causing layers to stick together, causing disruption of GI motility and fluid build up (ascites) between layers

Peritoneal cavity

The potential space between parietal and visceral peritoneal layers

Retroperitoneal

Behind the parietal peritoneum

Intraperitoneal

Within visceral peritoneum

Mesoduodenum

Mesentery of the duodenum

Mesojejunoileum

Mesentery of the jejunoileum

Mesocolon

Mesentery of the colon

Omentum

The double peritoneal layer associated with the stomach

(4 layers altogether)

Greater omentum

2 double mesenteric layers arising from the greater curvature of the stomach and spleen

(4 layers altogether)

Lesser omentum

Single double mesenteric layer connecting the liver + lesser curvature of the stomach

(2 layers altogether)

Omental bursa

Potential space between the 2 double greater omental layers

Inguinal canal

Bilateral (left and right) potential space conduit in the caudal body wall, associated with internal + external abdominal oblique muscles.

This allows vessels, nerves + the testes to go from the internal → external body surface

External inguinal ring

The slit in the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique

Internal inguinal ring

The slit between the inguinal ligament, and caudal border of the internal abdominal oblique

Spermatic cord

Structure descending through the inguinal canal to carry vessels and nerves to the testes. Includes:

* Pampiniform plexus (testicular artery + vein)
* Ductus deferens
* Testicular plexus + nerves
* Lymphatic drainage
* Connective tissue
* Visceral layer of vaginal tunic

Vaginal process

Outpouch of peritoneum going through the inguinal canal, pulled through as the testes descend

Pampiniform plexus

The collective name for the testicular artery + vein

External cremaster muscle

Section of the internal abdominal oblique muscle that descends into the scrotal sac

Internal spermatic fascia

Deep fascia of the abdominal body wall that encases the testes viscerally as it goes through the inguinal canal

External spermatic fascia

Superficial fascia of the abdominal body wall that encases the testes parietally as it goes through the inguinal canal

Open castration

Castration where we cut the internal spermatic fascia + vaginal tunic

* Higher risk of ascending infection as we cut the peritoneum

Closed castration

Castration where the internal spermatic fascia + vaginal tunic are left intact

* Higher risk of haemorrhage
* Decreased risk of ascending infection

Testicular arteries

Paired arteries supplying the male gonadal system

Testicular veins

Paired veins draining the male gonadal system.

These wrap around the testicular arteries to cool blood entering testes

Cranial gonadal ligament

The suspensory ligament that degenerates in the male, allowing the testes to descend

Caudal gonadal ligament

The ligament that becomes the

* Proper ligament of the testes
* Ligament of the tail of the epididymis
* Scrotal ligament

Mesovarium

Mesentery of the ovary

Mesosalpinx

Mesentery of the uterine tube

Mesometrium

Mesentery of the uterus + cervix

Cryptorchidism

Failure of the testes to descend through the inguinal canal. This risks:

* Infertility (wrong temperature)
* Tumours
* Torsion
* Behavioural problems

Prostate

Main accessory sex gland that adds seminal fluid to nourish + create a transport medium

Epididymis

Highly coiled tube that matures sperm.

Has a head, body, and tail

Ovarian bursa

Mesovarium + mesosalpinx, encasing the ovary

Uterine artery

A branch of the vaginal artery, found within the mesometrium

Vaginal artery

A branch of the internal pudendal artery, that branches to give the uterine artery

Ovarian artery

Branch directly from the aorta that anastamoses with the uterine artery

Deep interlobar fissues

Structures that divide the lobes of the lungs