AP Lang Unit 3

ad hominem

this fallacy refers to the specific diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker.

ad populum (bandwagon)

this faccacy occurs when evidence boild down to "everyone is doing it, so it must be a good thing to do"

appeal to false authority

this fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority.

Argument

A process of reasoned inquiry;a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from claim to conclusion

Backing

consists of further assurances of data without which the assumption lacks authority

begging the question

A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt.

circular reasoning

A fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence.

Claim

An assertion, usually supported by evidence, states the arguments main idea or position.

Claim of Fact

asserts that something is true or not true.

Claim of Policy

proposes a change

Claim of Value

argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong

classical oration

five-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians

introduction (exordium)

introduces the reader to the subject under discussion

narration (narratio)

Provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing.

Confirmation

The main part of a text in which logical arguments in support of a position are elaborated.

refutation (refutatio)

Addresses the counterargument. It is a bridge between the writer's proof and conclusion.

Conclusion

Brings the essay to a satisfying close

Closed Thesis

A thesis, a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make.

deduction

reasoning from general to specific

either/or (false dilemma)

A fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices.

faulty analogy

a fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable

first-hand evidence

Evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events.

Hasty Generalization

A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.

induction

reasoning from specific to general

logical fallacy

potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument

Open Thesis

A thesis that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay

post hoc ergo propter hoc

improperly assuming that a sequence in time implies a cause and effect

qualifier

a word or phrase that clarifies, modifies, or limits the meaning of another word or phrase

Quantitative Evidence

includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers

Qualitative Evidence

evidence supported by reason, tradition, or precedent

Rebuttal

refutation; response with contrary evidence

reservation

explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier

second-hand evidence

Evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data.

Straw Man

A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea.

Syllogism

a logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion

Toulmin Model

an approach to analyzing and constructing arguments.

Warrant

expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience