Indian Geography

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What is the topic being started in the new lecture of FRB 2.0?

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The new lecture is starting Indian Geography, with the first topic being India and its Location.

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1
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Here is a comprehensive response to your query, listing every detail in a one-line format and organized as Q&A:

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What is the topic being started in the new lecture of FRB 2.0?

The new lecture is starting Indian Geography, with the first topic being India and its Location.

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Where can students find the mind maps for this lecture?

The mind maps are freely available on the Parmar SSC Telegram channel, including annotations in both English and Hindi.

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What was India historically a part of, in terms of landmass?

India was a part of Gondwana Land.

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What was the name of the entire landmass millions of years ago, and how did it split?

Millions of years ago, the entire landmass was called Pangea, which later broke into two parts: the upper part forming Laurasia and the lower part forming Gondwana Land.

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Which continents and countries were part of Gondwana Land?

Gondwana Land included South America, Africa, Australia, and India.

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What was India's subsequent movement after being part of Gondwana Land?

India started its northward movement and later collided with the Eurasian plate, a process related to the formation of the Himalayas.

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What is India's rank in terms of area globally?

India ranks in the seventh position in terms of area globally.

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Which countries are larger than India by area, in descending order?

Countries larger than India are Russia, Canada, USA, China, Brazil, and Australia.

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Which country ranks eighth in terms of area, after India?

The eighth-ranked country in terms of area is Argentina.

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What percentage of the world's population does India account for?

India's population accounts for 17.5% of the entire world's population.

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Where is India situated in relation to the Equator and the Prime Meridian?

India is situated above the Equator and on the eastern side of the Prime Meridian (Greenwich Mean Time 0° Longitude), placing it in the North-Eastern Hemisphere.

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Which significant latitude passes through the middle of India, and what is its value?

The Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of India, which is at 23.5° North Latitude.

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How many states and Union Territories does India currently have?

India has a total of 28 states and 8 Union Territories (UTs).

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What are the North-South and East-West extents of India in kilometers?

The North-South extent (from Kashmir to Kanyakumari) is 3214 km, and the East-West extent (from the westernmost to easternmost point) is 2933 km.

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What is India's latitudinal and longitudinal extent?

India's latitudinal extent is from 8° 4' North to 37° 6' North, and its longitudinal extent is from 68° 7' East to 97° 25' East.

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What is the approximate difference in degrees for both latitudinal and longitudinal extents?

The approximate difference for both latitudinal and longitudinal extents is roughly 30°.

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Why is India's North-South extent greater than its East-West extent, despite similar latitudinal and longitudinal degree differences?

The distance between every degree of latitude is constant (111 km), while the distance between longitudes decreases from the Equator towards the poles, becoming zero at the poles, which explains why North-South is longer.

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What is the maximum distance between longitudes at the Equator?

The maximum distance between longitudes at the Equator is 111.32 km.

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What is the time difference between Gujarat (westernmost state) and Arunachal Pradesh (easternmost state)?

There is a 2-hour time difference between Gujarat and Arunachal Pradesh.

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How is the 2-hour time difference calculated?

This is calculated based on the approximately 30° longitudinal difference between them, where 15° longitude equals 1 hour.

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How many time zones does India have?

India has only one time zone.

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Which country has the highest number of time zones?

France has the highest number of time zones, with 13.

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What is the longitude for Indian Standard Time (IST)?

Indian Standard Time (IST) is based on 82.5° East longitude.

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Through which prominent places does the Indian Standard Time (IST) meridian pass?

The Indian Standard Time meridian passes through Mirzapur (where a clock tower is built) and Naini in Allahabad.

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What is the northernmost point of India?

The northernmost point of India is Indira Col, situated in Ladakh.

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What is the northernmost state of India (excluding UTs), and what is the northernmost UT?

The northernmost state is Himachal Pradesh (after J&K became UTs), and the northernmost UT is Ladakh.

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What is the southernmost state of India?

The southernmost state of India is Tamil Nadu.

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What is the southernmost point of mainland India?

The southernmost point of mainland India is Kanyakumari, also known as Cape Comorin.

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What is the southernmost point of India overall, including island territories?

The southernmost point of India overall is Indira Point, situated on Great Nicobar Island.

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By what other name is Indira Point known?

Indira Point is also known as Pigmalion Point.

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What is the easternmost state and easternmost point of India?

The easternmost state is Arunachal Pradesh, and the easternmost point is Kibithu.

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What is the westernmost state and westernmost point of India?

The westernmost state is Gujarat, and the westernmost point is Ghuar Moti.

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How many time zones is the entire Earth divided into?

The entire Earth is divided into 24 time zones.

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How many hours ahead is Indian Standard Time (IST) from Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)?

Indian Standard Time (IST) is 5.5 hours (5 hours and 30 minutes) ahead of GMT.

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Why is IST ahead of GMT?

IST is ahead of GMT because India is located to the East of the Prime Meridian, and time is added when moving eastward.

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Through how many states does Indian Standard Time (IST) pass, and what is the mnemonic to remember them?

IST passes through 5 states. The mnemonic to remember them is M.O.U.C.A..

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List the states through which Indian Standard Time (IST) passes.

The states are Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Andhra Pradesh.

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Through how many states does the Tropic of Cancer pass, and what is the mnemonic to remember them?

The Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 states. The mnemonic to remember them is "Gujarati Raja Made Chief Justice Win The Meeting".

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List the states through which the Tropic of Cancer passes.

The states are Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram.

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Where do the Indian Standard Time line and the Tropic of Cancer intersect?

The Indian Standard Time line and the Tropic of Cancer intersect in Chhattisgarh, specifically in the Koriya district (Baikunthpur Division).

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Which capital cities of the states through which Tropic of Cancer passes are located North (above) the Tropic of Cancer?

The capital cities located North (above) the Tropic of Cancer are Jaipur (Rajasthan), Agartala (Tripura), and Aizawl (Mizoram).

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Which capital cities of the states through which Tropic of Cancer passes are located South (below) the Tropic of Cancer?

The capital cities located South (below) the Tropic of Cancer are Gandhinagar (Gujarat), Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh), Raipur (Chhattisgarh), Ranchi (Jharkhand), and Kolkata (West Bengal).

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List India's 8 Union Territories.

The 8 Union Territories are Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh, Lakshadweep, Andaman & Nicobar Group of Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu (merged in 2019 with Daman as capital), Delhi, and Puducherry.

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In which states are the enclaves of the Puducherry Union Territory spread?

Puducherry is spread across three states: Yanam in Andhra Pradesh, Puducherry and Karaikal in Tamil Nadu, and Mahe in Kerala.

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Which part of Puducherry is nearest to Sri Lanka?

Karaikal is the part of Puducherry nearest to Sri Lanka.

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What is the total length of India's coastline?

The total length of India's coastline is 7516 km.

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What is the length of India's mainland coastline, and what does it exclude?

The length of India's mainland coastline is 6100 km, which excludes the coastlines of Lakshadweep and Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

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How many states and Union Territories form India's coastal boundary?

Nine states and four Union Territories form India's coastal boundary.

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List the nine Indian states that share a coastal boundary.

The nine coastal states are Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and West Bengal.

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List the four Union Territories that share a coastal boundary.

The four coastal UTs are Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Daman & Diu, and Puducherry.

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According to the updated data from April 29, 2025, which state has the longest coastline in India?

According to the updated data, Gujarat has the longest coastline among states.

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Which states rank second and third for coastline length according to the updated data, and what is the mnemonic?

Tamil Nadu ranks second and Andhra Pradesh ranks third among states. The mnemonic is GTA.

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Which Indian territory (state or UT) has the longest overall coastline?

Andaman & Nicobar Islands has the longest overall coastline, with a length of 1198 km.

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Which state has the shortest coastline length?

Goa has the shortest coastline length among states, at 193 km.

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Which Union Territory has the shortest coastline length overall?

Puducherry has the shortest coastline length overall, at 42 km.

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With how many countries does India share an international land boundary?

India shares an international land boundary with 7 countries.

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What is the total length of India's international land boundary?

The total length of India's international land boundary is 15106 km.

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What is the mnemonic to remember the countries India shares a land border with, in decreasing order of border length?

The mnemonic is "Bachpan Mein MBA".

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List the countries India shares a land border with, in decreasing order of border length.

The countries are Bangladesh, China, Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar, Bhutan, and Afghanistan.

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Which country shares the longest international land boundary with India, and what is its length?

Bangladesh shares the longest international land boundary with India, with a length of 4096 km.

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What is the mnemonic for the Indian states that share a border with Bangladesh?

The mnemonic for states bordering Bangladesh is "Mam Take Water".

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List the Indian states that share a border with Bangladesh.

The states are Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura, and West Bengal.

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What is the name of the border line between India and Bangladesh, and India and Pakistan?

The border line between India and Bangladesh, and India and Pakistan, is called the Radcliffe Line.

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Which Central Armed Police Force (CAPF) guards the India-Bangladesh and India-Pakistan borders?

The Border Security Force (BSF) guards the India-Bangladesh and India-Pakistan borders.

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What is the total length of India's international land boundary with China?

The total length of India's international land boundary with China is 3488 km.

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Which Indian states and Union Territories share a border with China?

Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh share a border with China.

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How is the India-China border (Northern Borders) divided into sectors?

The India-China border is divided into three sectors: Western, Middle, and Eastern.

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What is the "Vibrant Villages Program" (VVP), and what was its funding model in 2022?

The Vibrant Villages Program (VVP) was launched in 2022 to develop villages on the Northern Borders, and it was a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (partially funded by Centre, partially by State).

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What is "Vibrant Villages Program 2" (VVP2), its funding model, and budget allocation?

Vibrant Villages Program 2 (VVP2) was launched recently as a Central Sector Scheme (100% funding from Centre) with a budget allocation of 6829 crore.

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Which Central Armed Police Force (CAPF) guards the India-China border?

The Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) guards the India-China border.

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What is the name of the border line between India and China?

The border line between India and China is the McMahon Line.

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What is the total length of India's international land boundary with Pakistan?

The total length of India's international land boundary with Pakistan is 3323 km.

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Which Indian states and Union Territories share a border with Pakistan?

Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab (3 states) and Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh (2 UTs) share a border with Pakistan.

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What is the Line of Control (LOC) and the Line of Actual Control (LAC)?

The Line of Control (LOC) divides Indian-controlled Kashmir from Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (POK), while the Line of Actual Control (LAC) separates Indian-controlled territory from China-occupied Aksai Chin.

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Which valley was ceded by Pakistan to China?

The Shaksgam Valley was ceded by Pakistan to China.

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Which Central Armed Police Force (CAPF) guards the India-Nepal and India-Bhutan borders?

The Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) guards the India-Nepal and India-Bhutan borders.

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What is the nature of the India-Nepal and India-Bhutan borders?

The India-Nepal and India-Bhutan borders are considered peaceful and open borders.

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What is the mnemonic for the Indian states that share a border with Nepal?

The mnemonic for states bordering Nepal is "Subu".

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List the Indian states that share a border with Nepal.

The states are Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, and Uttarakhand.

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What is the mnemonic for the Indian states that share a border with Bhutan?

The mnemonic for states bordering Bhutan is "B.A.S.A".

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List the Indian states that share a border with Bhutan.

The states are West Bengal, Assam, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh.

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What is the capital and currency of Bhutan?

The capital of Bhutan is Thimphu, and its currency is Ngultrum.

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What is another name for Bhutan, and what is its national sport?

Bhutan is also known as the "Land of Thunderbolts," and its national sport is Archery, along with another sport called Chilone.

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What is the mnemonic for the Indian states that share a border with Myanmar, in North to South order?

The mnemonic for states bordering Myanmar (in order) is "Arunamaami".

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List the Indian states that share a border with Myanmar in order from North to South.

The states are Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, and Mizoram.

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What was the old name of Myanmar, and what are its capital and currency?

The old name of Myanmar was Burma, its capital is Naypyidaw, and its currency is Kyat.

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Which country shares the shortest international land boundary with India?

Afghanistan shares the shortest international land boundary with India.

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Which Indian territory shares a border with Afghanistan?

Only Ladakh (mainly the POK area) shares a border with Afghanistan.

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Which two island countries share coastal international boundaries with India?

Sri Lanka and Maldives share coastal international boundaries with India.

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What separates India and Sri Lanka?

The Palk Strait separates India and Sri Lanka, located between the Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar.

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What separates India and Maldives?

The 8° Channel (8-degree latitude) separates India and Maldives.

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Which Indian state shares a border with the maximum number of other states/UTs?

Uttar Pradesh shares a border with the maximum number of other states (8 states) and one UT (Delhi).

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Which Indian states share a border with the least number of other states (only one)?

Sikkim (shares with West Bengal) and Meghalaya (shares with Assam) are the two states that share a border with only one other state.

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List the three Indian states that share international borders with three different countries.

The three states are: Sikkim (with Nepal, Bhutan, China), Arunachal Pradesh (with Bhutan, China, Myanmar), and West Bengal (with Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh).

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Which Indian Union Territory shares international borders with three different countries?

Ladakh is the UT that shares borders with three countries: Pakistan, China, and Afghanistan.

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What is UNCLOS, and when was its convention adopted?

UNCLOS stands for United Nations Convention on Law of the Seas, and its convention was adopted in 1982.

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How many zones is a country's coastal boundary divided into according to UNCLOS?

A country's coastal boundary is divided into five zones according to UNCLOS.

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List and describe the five zones of coastal boundary according to UNCLOS.

The five zones are:
* Internal Water: Includes lakes, ponds, and rivers within the landmass, representing complete national air space and sovereignty.
* Territorial Sea: Extends up to 12 nautical miles from the coast, where no foreign country can enter without permission.
* Contiguous Zone: Extends up to 24 nautical miles from the coast (i.e., 12 nautical miles beyond the territorial sea).
* Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): Extends up to 200 nautical miles from the coast.
* High Seas: Extends beyond 200 nautical miles, where all countries have rights to operate.

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What are some major and minor ocean relief features previously discussed?

Major ocean relief features include the Continental Shelf (with a slope of 1° or less), Continental Slope, Abyssal Plain, and Deep Sea Trenches; minor features include Seamounts, Guyots (flat-top seamounts), **Atolls, and Mid-Oceanic Ridg