AP Psych Exam 2 (Mods 9-15)

Respectively, what term describes the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse and what term describes a brief electrochemical impulse traveling down the axon causing sodium channels to open, potassium channels to close, and the neuron becoming positively charged?

Threshold, action potential

Respectively, when the action potential reaches the knoblike terminals at an axon's end, it triggers the release of what chemical messenger molecules that cross the synaptic gap and bind to receptor sites on a receiving neuron and what term describes a sending neuron's reabsorption of the excess chemical messenger molecules?

Neurotransmitters, reuptake

A central principle in psychology states that everything psychological is simultaneously what?

Biological

Respectively, what neurotransmitter triggers muscle contraction and could lead to Alzheimer's disease with undersupply and what is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter that can lead to migraines or seizures with oversupply?

Acetylcholine, glutamate

Respectively, what term describes a molecule that stimulates a response by binding to a receptor site and what term describes a molecule that blocks a response by binding to a receptor site?

Agonist, antagonist

What fatty white tissue speeds up axon impulses and could lead to multiple sclerosis if deteriorated?

Myelin sheath

Respectively, what term describes the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body and what term describes an extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles?

Dendrite, axon

Respectively, what neurotransmitter affects mood, hunger and sleep and could lead to depression with undersupply and what neurotransmitter influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion and could lead to Parkinson's disease with undersupply?

Serotonin, dopamine

Respectively, what part of the cerebral cortex consists of unmyelinated nerve cell bodies, dendrites, and glial cells and is involved in processing information and what type of underlying myelinated brain material transmits information from different parts of the body towards the cerebral cortex?

Grey matter, white matter

What term describes natural opiates that are released in response to pain and vigorous exercise?

Endorphins

Respectively, what part of the peripheral nervous system controls the movements of our skeletal muscle and what part of the peripheral nervous system controls the glands and the muscles of our internal organs?

Somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system

Neurons communicating with other neurons form our body's primary information system called what?

Nervous system

Information travels in the nervous system through what types of neurons?

All answers are correct (info)

What system comprises our peripheral nervous system?

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

What comprises the central nervous system?

Brain, spinal cord

Respectively, what is the central nervous system's information highway connecting the peripheral nervous system to the brain and what term describes the brain's neurons organizing themselves into complex circuits capable of learning, feeling, and thinking?

Spinal cord, neural networks

What term describes the sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body?

Peripheral nervous system

What term describes an automatic inborn response to a sensory stimulus but is not a spontaneous response?

Reflex

Respectively, what brainstem structure begins where the spinal cord enters the skull and swells slightly and controls heartbeat and breathing and what brainstem structure helps coordinate movements and connects the hindbrain to the midbrain?

Medulla, pons

What neuroimaging technique uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that show brain anatomy?

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

What neuroimaging technique can take a series of x-ray photographs that can reveal brain damage?

Computed Tomography (CT)

What type of stimulation can scientists use to experiment on the brain and note the effects?

All answers are correct (stimulation)

What term describes an amplified tracing of the brain's billions of neurons waves of electrical activity?

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

What neuroimaging technique reveals blood flow and, therefore, brain function?

functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Respectively, what structure within the doughnut shaped limbic system is a cluster of neurons that play a role in aggression and fear and what structure within the doughnut shaped limbic system monitors blood chemistry and directs several maintenance activities (drinking, eating, breathing, body temperature)?

Amygdala, hypothalamus

What neuroimaging technique can depict brain activity by showing each area's consumption of the injected radioactive glucose?

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

What sits atop the brainstem and receives information from all the senses except smell and distributes it to the higher brain regions?

Thalamus

What part of the brain extends from the rear of the brainstem and enables a type of nonverbal learning, coordinates voluntary movement, and regulates balance?

Cerebellum

Name in the following order the three functions of the cerebral cortex that controls voluntary movements, registers body sensations, and is involved in higher mental functions?

Motor cortex, somatosensory cortex, association areas

The brain's wrinkled cerebral cortex and underlying cerebrum, which together encompass 85% of the brain's weight, would be roughly the size of what if flattened?

A large pizza

Respectively, what specific area of the frontal lobe and motor cortex controls language expression (speech muscles) and what specific area of the temporal lobe and somatosensory cortex controls language reception (interprets auditory code)?

Broca's area, Wernicke's area

Basic functions like moving your hand depend on specific neural networks, yet complex functions such as language involve what?

Coordinated and specialized brain areas

What term describes the brain's ability to change especially during childhood by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience?

Plasticity

What term describes the cells that support the billions of nerve cells by providing nutrients and insulating myelin?

Glial cells

Respectively, which of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex is located at the top and to the rear of your head and is involved in math and spatial reasoning and which of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex is located at the back of your head and is involved in sight?

Parietal, occipital

What term describes that the brain sometimes mends itself by forming new neurons?

Neurogenesis

What part of the cerebral cortex does not trigger any observable response by electrical probing and led to psychology's largest falsehood that we use only 10% of our brains?

Association areas

Respectively, which of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex is located behind your forehead and is involved in speaking and judgment and which of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex is located just above your ears and is involved in hearing and recognition?

Frontal, temporal

What hemisphere of the brain is involved in facial recognition, emotional perception, and spatial abilities?

Right

What hemisphere of the brain is well accepted as the verbal, dominant, and analytical hemisphere?

Left (what)

What term describes our awareness of ourselves and our environment and is nature's way of keeping us from thinking and doing everything at once?

Consciousness

Information from which half of your visual field goes to your right hemisphere, and information from which half of your visual field goes to your left hemisphere which usually controls speech?

Left, right

What term describes that the mind processes information on two separate tracks, one operating at conscious level (explicit) and the other at an unconscious level (implicit)?

Dual processing

What term describes the wide band of axon fibers connecting the two hemispheres?

corpus callosum

For those with individual brains, when a person performs a perceptual task, activity increases in which hemisphere of the brain?

Right

What term describes a condition resulting from surgery for patients suffering from seizures that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them?

Split brain

Gazzaniga concluded that what hemisphere of the brain was the "interpreter" that instantly constructs theories to explain our behavior?

Left

What term describes that the right and left hemisphere of the brain regulate different functions?

Lateralization

What type of siblings are the most behaviorally similar in their outgoingness and emotional instability?

Identical twins (monozygotic)

What term describes that we are a product of the dependence of the effect of one factor (such as our surrounding environment) on another factor (such as heredity or genetic predisposition)?

interaction

Respectively, what are the threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain genes and what term describes DNA segments that form templates for the production of proteins?

Chromosomes, genes

What types of scientists have discovered a common sequence of the 3.1 billion letters within the human DNA and state that we share 95% with chimps?

Genome researchers

Respectively, adoptees' traits bear more similarities to whom and for personality development, what has virtually no impact on adoptees' personalities?

Biological parents and siblings, environment

What types of scientists examine our differences and weigh the effects and interplay of heredity and environment?

Behavior geneticists

What term describes the extent to which variation among individuals can be attributed to their differing genes?

Heritability

What type of scientists examine molecular structure and function of genes and try to identify people at risk for genetically influenced disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, and alcohol use disorder?

Molecular geneticists

According to Myer's text, what is crucially important in shaping who we are?

All answers are correct

What is a real life experiment that creates two groups of relatives?

Adoption

Individual development results from the interaction of what influences?

Biopsychosocial influences

Which gender is more likely to initiate sexual activity and has a lower threshold for perceiving friendliness as sexual interest?

Male

The overriding principle that "everything __________ is simultaneously biological" leads us to further explore the significance of the biological revolution.

Psychological

What term describes our ability to survive and reproduce and contributes to our adaptive flexibility in responding to different environments?

Fitness

Evolutionary psychologists use what principle to describe how women most often send their genes into the future by choosing a partner wisely (relationally), while men choose partners widely (recreationally)?

Natural selection

What type of psychologist would state that behavioral tendencies and a capacity for thinking and learning prepared our Stone Age ancestors to survive and reproduce and send their genes into the future?

Evolutionary

Reflecting on nature and nurture leads us to what "great truth"?

All answers are correct (truth)

What has predisposed us to behave in ways that promoted our ancestors' surviving and reproducing but has left us biologically prepared for a world that no longer exists?

Prehistoric genes

While men are attracted to women with youthful appearances, women are attracted to men who seem mature, dominant, bold, and affluent because it connotes a capacity to be a good dad and to do what?

Support and protect

What term describes our common genetic profile that leads to our behavioral and biological similarity?

Genome

What should Adonis say if he was asked to describe the main function of the peripheral nervous system?

It connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body

What neuroimaging technique can depict brain activity by showing each area’s consumption of the injected radioactive glucose?

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

When brain researchers refer to brain plasticity, they are talking about…

New connections forming in the brain to take over for damaged sections

To accurately identify the two parts of the central nervous system in an oral exam, what should Adonis say?

The brain and the spinal cord

Why do researchers find the study of fraternal twins important?

They are usually raised in similar environments, but they do not have the same genetic code

According to the theory of evolution, why might we call some parts of the brain the old brain and some parts the new brain?

The old brain developed first according to evolution

What is the purpose of the myelin sheath?

To speed up the transmission of information within a neuron

Rather than acting as blueprints that lead to the same result no matter the context, genes react to the environment. The gene-environment interaction is the basic tenet of which of the following?

Evolutionary psychology

In most people, which one of the following is a specific function of the left hemisphere that is typically not controlled by the right hemisphere?

Producing speech

Which chemicals pass across the synaptic gap and increase the possibility the next neuron in the chain will fire?

Excitatory neurotransmitters

Paralysis of the left arm might be explained by a problem in the …

Motor cortex in the frontal lobe in the right hemisphere

The three major categories researchers use to organize the entire brain are the …

Hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain

Respectively, what is the name of the chemical messenger the endocrine system’s glands secrete and which gland of the endocrine system is the master gland?

Hormones, pituitary

Respectively, what division of the autonomic nervous system arouses us for action and is also measured by a lie detector and what division of the autonomic nervous system calms the body and conserves its energy?

Sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system

Antidepressant drugs like Prozac are often used to treat mood disorders. According to what you know about their function, which neurotransmitter system do these types of drugs try to affect?

Serotonin

Blindness could result from damage to which cortex and lobe of the brain?

Visual cortex in the occipital lobe

Why do researchers use adoption studies in an effort to reveal genetic influences on personality?

To evaluate whether adopted children more closely resemble their adoptive parents or their biological parents

When researchers surgically lesioned the amygdala of a rhesus monkey's brain, what was the impact on the monkey's behavior?

Became less aggressive

Adonis has a damaged hippocampus. Which of the following would he most likely experience as a result?

Difficulty in creating new memories

Adonis is about to take his driver's test. Which region of the brain plays the most significant role in his sense of alertness and arousal?

Reticular formation

For a neuron to generate action potential, which of the following must be true?

Excitatory impulses must outnumber inhibitory impulses

Surgical stimulation of the somatosensory cortex might result in the false sensation of what?

Someone tickling you

Adonis wants to do research that examines the electrical impulses that travel down axons to better understand...

The action potential

Adonis eats some bad sushi and feels that he is slowly losing control over his muscles. The bacteria he ingested from the bad sushi most likely interferes with the use of…

Acetylcholine

A researcher interested in determining the size of a particular area of the brain would be most likely to use which of the following techniques?

MRI

Adonis is an evolutionary psychologist. He seeks to understand how traits and behavioral tendencies have been shaped by...

Natural selection

Adonis experiences brain damage that results in an inability to make plans about the future. Which lobe of his brain was most likely damaged?

Frontal lobe

During which task might the right hemisphere of the brain be most active?

Imagining what a dress would look like on a friend

When Adonis' finger touches a candle flame, his hand jerks away before his brain receives and responds to the information that causes him to feel pain. This is due to which of the following?

The reflex arc

Split-brain patients are unable to…

Solve abstract problems involving integrating logical (left-hemisphere) and spatial (right-hemisphere) information

Adonis believes in nature's influence on behavior, while Athena believes in nurture's influence. Which aligns with Adonis' view and Athena's view, respectively?

Genetic factors; environmental factors

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates neuroplasticity?

Adonis' brain tissue has the ability to take on new functions