APHG unit 4

administer

To manage or oversee the execution of policies or laws.

apartheid

A policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race, particularly in South Africa.

autonomous region

A defined area within a country that has a degree of self-governance or independence.

balance of power

A situation in which nations of the world have roughly equal power, preventing any one nation from dominating.

balkanization

The process of fragmentation or division of a region or state into smaller, often hostile units.

Berlin Conference

A meeting held in 1884-1885 to regulate European colonization and trade in Africa, leading to the partitioning of the continent.

border/boundary

A line that marks the limits of an area; a dividing line between political or geographical regions.

capital city

The city where a government is based and where its central offices are located.

centripetal force

Forces that unify a state, such as nationalism, shared culture, or economic ties.

centrifugal force

Forces that divide a state, such as ethnic conflict, political dissent, or economic disparity.

choke point

A narrow passage or route that is critical for transportation or trade, often strategically important.

city-state

A sovereign state that consists of a city and its surrounding territory.

civil divisions

Administrative divisions within a country, often used for governance and representation.

colonialism

The practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

colony

A territory under the political control of another country, often distant from the controlling nation.

democratization

The transition to a more democratic political regime, including the establishment of free and fair elections.

devolution

The transfer of authority from a central government to local or regional governments.

economies of scale

Cost advantages that a business obtains due to the scale of operation, with cost per unit of output generally decreasing with increasing scale.

EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone)

A sea zone prescribed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, where a state has special rights regarding the exploration and use of marine resources.

Electoral college

A body of electors established by the United States Constitution, which formally elects the President and Vice President.

enclave/exclave

An enclave is a territory completely surrounded by another territory, while an exclave is a portion of territory separated from the main part and surrounded by foreign territory.

ethnic cleansing

The systematic removal of an ethnic or religious group from a given territory, often through violence.

Ethnic enclave

A geographic area with a high concentration of a specific ethnic group, often maintaining its cultural identity.

Ethnic nationalism

a form of nationalism where the sense of a nation is based on a shared ethnic identity, such as common ancestry, language, religion, or culture.

Ethnic separatism

The advocacy for the separation of a particular ethnic group from a larger political entity.

Federalism (federal state)

A political system where power is divided between a central government and various regional governments.

frontier

A zone where no state exercises complete political control, often characterized by a lack of defined boundaries.

genocide

The deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, ethnic, national, or cultural group.

high seas

Parts of the ocean that are not owned by any nation and are open to all countries.

gerrymandering

The manipulation of electoral district boundaries to favor one party over another.

imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, military force, or other means.

irredentism

A political or popular movement that seeks to reclaim and reoccupy a lost homeland.

landlocked state

A country that is entirely surrounded by land and has no coastline or access to the ocean.

microstate

A very small sovereign state, often with a small population and limited land area.

multinational state

A state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination.

multi-ethnic state

A state that contains multiple ethnic groups, often leading to diverse cultural practices.

multistate nation

A nation that spans multiple states or countries.

nation

A large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, or historical experience.

nationality

The status of belonging to a particular nation, often associated with citizenship.

nationalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the interests and culture of a particular nation.

nation-state

A political entity characterized by a defined territory and a permanent population, governed by a single government.

neo-colonialism

The practice of using capitalism, globalization, and cultural imperialism to influence a country, often in lieu of direct political control.

reapportionment

The process of redistributing legislative seats based on population changes.

redistricting

The process of drawing new electoral district boundaries, often after a census.

relics (relic boundaries)

Boundaries that no longer function but still exist on the map, often remnants of past political divisions.

self-determination

The right of a people to determine their own political status and pursue their own economic, social, and cultural development.

semi-autonomous

Having partial autonomy; a region that has some degree of self-governance but is still under the control of a larger political entity.

shatterbelts

Regions that are politically fragmented and often experience conflict due to cultural, ethnic, or political divisions.

sovereignty

The authority of a state to govern itself or another state.

Soviet Union

A former federation of communist republics that existed from 1922 to 1991, known for its significant global influence during the Cold War.

subsequent boundaries

Boundaries that are established after the settlement of a region and often reflect the cultural landscape.

superimposed boundaries

Boundaries that are imposed on the cultural landscape without regard for pre-existing cultural patterns.

state

A politically organized body of people occupying a defined territory.

stateless nation

An ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state and is not the majority population in any nation.

territorial waters

The waters surrounding a nation that are considered to be under its jurisdiction.

territoriality

The connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land.

terrorism

The unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in pursuit of political aims.

unitary state

A state governed as a single entity where the central government holds the majority of the power.

supranational organization

An organization that transcends national boundaries and has authority over its member states.

UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea)

An international treaty that establishes guidelines for the use of the world's oceans and marine resources.

United Nations

An international organization founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation among countries.

Concurrent

occurring at the same time

Consequent boundaries

boundary that coincides with a particular cultural divide (such as religion, language, or ethnicity); a.k.a. cultural boundaries

Country

a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory. I'm

Core

Counties or regions where economic power, wealth, and technological innovation are concentrated.

Define

boundary is a clear and established line that marks the limits of a territory, area, or concept.

Demarcated

Describing how boundaries are set apart to distinguish their limits

Delimit

Fix, mark, or define the boundaries of