Ansi Final Exam Review

hyperplasia

Increase in the number of cells.

hypertrophy

Increase in the size of existing cells.

precocial young

Young that are relatively mature and mobile at birth (e.g., calves, foals).

altricial young

Young that are born underdeveloped and require significant parental care (e.g., puppies, kittens).

compensatory gain

Accelerated growth after a period of restricted nutrition once adequate feed is restored.

law of diminishing returns

As more input is added, the rate of improvement decreases until it plateaus.

levels of cellular organization

Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism.

nutrient partitioning order

Maintenance → Growth → Lactation/Reproduction → Fattening.

animal management during finishing

Provide high-energy diets, minimize stress, use implants/growth promotants when allowed, and maintain good health practices.

physiologically important tissues

Nervous tissue, vital organs, skeletal system, muscle.

fitness

Ability to survive and reproduce in a given environment.

polyestrus

Animals that have multiple estrous cycles year-round (e.g., cattle, swine).

seasonal polyestrus

Animals that cycle multiple times but only during certain seasons (e.g., sheep, horses).

monoestrus

Animals with only one estrous cycle per year (e.g., dogs, wolves).

gestation

The period of pregnancy from conception to parturition.

parturition

The act of giving birth.

estrous synchronization

Manipulating females to come into heat at the same time.

artificial insemination (AI)

Placement of semen into the female reproductive tract by human techniques.

in-vitro fertilization (IVF)

Fertilization of eggs with sperm outside the body, then transferred into uterus.

seminal plasma

Nutrients, buffers, and proteins that increase sperm viability.

placenta

Facilitates nutrient, gas, and waste exchange between mother and fetus.

feedstuff

Any material used as feed for animals.

diet

Mixture of feedstuffs consumed by an animal.

ration

Daily allotment of feed.

essential amino acids

Must be supplied in diet (cannot be synthesized).

non-protein nitrogen (NPN)

Nitrogen source not from protein (e.g., urea).

gross energy

Total energy in feed.

digestible energy

Gross energy minus fecal losses.

metabolizable energy

Digestible energy minus urine/gas losses.

net energy

Metabolizable energy minus heat losses.

endemic

Disease regularly found in a population.

epidemic

Sudden outbreak in a population.

pandemic

Global outbreak.

pathogen

Disease-causing organism.

vector

Carrier that transmits pathogen (e.g., mosquito).

bio-exclusion

Keeping pathogens out of a facility.

passive immunity

Immunity passed from mother via colostrum.

hyperplasia

Increase in the number of cells.

hypertrophy

Increase in the size of existing cells.

precocial young

Young that are relatively mature and mobile at birth (e.g., calves, foals).

altricial young

Young that are born underdeveloped and require significant parental care (e.g., puppies, kittens).

compensatory gain

Accelerated growth after a period of restricted nutrition once adequate feed is restored.

law of diminishing returns

As more input is added, the rate of improvement decreases until it plateaus.

levels of cellular organization

Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism.

nutrient partitioning order

Maintenance → Growth → Lactation/Reproduction → Fattening.

animal management during finishing

Provide high-energy diets, minimize stress, use implants/growth promotants when allowed, and maintain good health practices.

physiologically important tissues

Nervous tissue, vital organs, skeletal system, muscle.

fitness

Ability to survive and reproduce in a given environment.

polyestrus

Animals that have multiple estrous cycles year-round (e.g., cattle, swine).

seasonal polyestrus

Animals that cycle multiple times but only during certain seasons (e.g., sheep, horses).

monoestrus

Animals with only one estrous cycle per year (e.g., dogs, wolves).

gestation

The period of pregnancy from conception to parturition.

parturition

The act of giving birth.

estrous synchronization

Manipulating females to come into heat at the same time.

artificial insemination (AI)

Placement of semen into the female reproductive tract by human techniques.

in-vitro fertilization (IVF)

Fertilization of eggs with sperm outside the body, then transferred into uterus.

seminal plasma

Nutrients, buffers, and proteins that increase sperm viability.

placenta

Facilitates nutrient, gas, and waste exchange between mother and fetus.

feedstuff

Any material used as feed for animals.

diet

Mixture of feedstuffs consumed by an animal.

ration

Daily allotment of feed.

essential amino acids

Must be supplied in diet (cannot be synthesized).

non-protein nitrogen (NPN)

Nitrogen source not from protein (e.g., urea).

gross energy

Total energy in feed.

digestible energy

Gross energy minus fecal losses.

metabolizable energy

Digestible energy minus urine/gas losses.

net energy

Metabolizable energy minus heat losses.

endemic

Disease regularly found in a population.

epidemic

Sudden outbreak in a population.

pandemic

Global outbreak.

pathogen

Disease-causing organism.

vector

Carrier that transmits pathogen (e.g., mosquito).

bio-exclusion

Keeping pathogens out of a facility.

passive immunity

Immunity passed from mother via colostrum.

major nutrient classes

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water; essential for animal health and productivity.

roughage

High-fiber feedstuffs like hay, silage, and pasture, generally low in energy but important for gut health.

concentrate

Low-fiber, high-energy feedstuffs like grains (corn, barley) and protein supplements (soybean meal).

vaccination

Administration of antigenic material to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen.

zoonotic disease

A disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans.

puberty

The stage of development when an animal becomes functionally reproductive.

cellular differentiation

The process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type.

ovulation

The release of a mature egg from the ovarian follicle.

hyperplasia

Increase in the number of cells.

hypertrophy

Increase in the size of existing cells.

precocial young

Young that are relatively mature and mobile at birth (e.g., calves, foals).

altricial young

Young that are born underdeveloped and require significant parental care (e.g., puppies, kittens).

compensatory gain

Accelerated growth after a period of restricted nutrition once adequate feed is restored.

law of diminishing returns

As more input is added, the rate of improvement decreases until it plateaus.

levels of cellular organization

Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism.

nutrient partitioning order

Maintenance → Growth → Lactation/Reproduction → Fattening.

animal management during finishing

Provide high-energy diets, minimize stress, use implants/growth promotants when allowed, and maintain good health practices.

physiologically important tissues

Nervous tissue, vital organs, skeletal system, muscle.

fitness

Ability to survive and reproduce in a given environment.

polyestrus

Animals that have multiple estrous cycles year-round (e.g., cattle, swine).

seasonal polyestrus

Animals that cycle multiple times but only during certain seasons (e.g., sheep, horses).

monoestrus

Animals with only one estrous cycle per year (e.g., dogs, wolves).

gestation

The period of pregnancy from conception to parturition.

parturition

The act of giving birth.

estrous synchronization

Manipulating females to come into heat at the same time.

artificial insemination (AI)

Placement of semen into the female reproductive tract by human techniques.