A&P test 3

Type I alveolar cells are thin cells involved in gas exchange. Type II alveolar cells repair alveolar epithelium and produce surfactant (which prevents the alveolar sacs from collapsing.

true or false

true

The larynx is a muscular funnel that is reinforced with c-shaped cartilaginous rings and lined with the "mucocilliary escalator". The function of the larynx is to bring air directly into the bronchi

true or false

false

Vital Capacity = Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume + Residual Volume.

true or false

false

Expiratory Reserve volume can't be directly measured, because it is the air that stays in the lungs after maximum expiration.

true or false

false

looking at the Hb-O2 dissociation curve at the right, about 70% of O2 will be unloaded from hemoglobin at a partial pressure of 20mm Hg.

true

After leaving the collecting duct, urine's final path is: papillary duct → major calyx →minor calyx →ureter →renal pelvis →bladder.

true or false

false

Under normal conditions, only about 50% of the 160-180 liters of blood filtered into the nephron ultimately becomes urine.

true or false

false

Blood cells are not usually in the urine, unless the nephron's filtration layers are damaged

true or false

true

Glucose is reabsorbed into the blood stream from the distal convoluted tubule using a sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT).

true or false

false

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) vasodilates the afferent arteriole and inhibits secretion of renin, aldosterone, and ADH.

true or false

true

you calculate vital capacity and forced expiratory volume values for your patients, mike and bob, and also a healthy subject. based on this data, mike probably has a restrictive lung disorder, and bob probably has an obstructive lung disorder

false

(not on test) You are at risk for dehydration during hot weather, not during cold weather.

true or false

false

Adding more CO2 to the bicarbonate buffer system will push the chemical reaction to the right and decrease pH.

true or false

true

given the following values, what is the alveolar ventilation rate?

RR: 14 breaths/min

TV: 550ml

anatomical dead space: 150 ml

pathological dead space: 200ml

2800 ml/min

The Pontine Respiratory Group:

a. Gets input from higher brain areas about hormone levels, pain and emotion.

b. Contains inspiratory and expiratory neurons that alternatively fire to activate respiratory muscles.

c. Gets input from irritant receptors.

d. Modifies rate and depth of breathing based on input from dorsal respiratory group.

e. Modifies rate and depth of breathing based on input from chemoreceptors.

a. Gets input from higher brain areas about hormone levels, pain and emotion.

The peritubular capillaries in the nephron:

a. Receive blood directly from the afferent arteriole

b. Filter blood to create urine

c. Reabsorb nutrients and secrete wastes

d. Are part of the renal corpuscle

c. Reabsorb nutrients and secrete wastes

Which anatomical structure is NOT part of the renal tubule?

a. glomerulus

b. PCT

c. nephron loop

d. DCT

a. glomerulus

which type of fas exchange is illustrated in this figure?

pulmonary gas exchange that occurs in the lung alveoli

about 70% of Carbon dioxide is formed at D in the figure. the CO2 is made from

HCO3- and H+

the ion moving out of the red blood cell at C is

chloride

Macula densa senses changes in fluid flow through nephron.

a. neuronal control

b. myogenic mechanism

c. tubuloglomerular feedback

d. angiotensin II

c. tubuloglomerular feedback

A way of redirecting blood away from kidneys to other vital organs under emergency conditions

a. neuronal control

b. myogenic mechanism

c. tubuloglomerular feedback

d. angiotensin II

a. neuronal control

Juxtaglomerular cells receive paracrine messages to vasoconstrict/vasodilate blood vessels

a. neuronal control

b. myogenic mechanism

c. tubuloglomerular feedback

d. angiotensin II

c. tubuloglomerular feedback

Arteriole walls become stretched and respond by contracting.

a. neuronal control

b. myogenic mechanism

c. tubuloglomerular feedback

d. angiotensin II

b. myogenic mechanism

Activation of this hormonal pathway occurs when the juxtaglomerular (JG) cells secrete renin

a. neuronal control

b. myogenic mechanism

c. tubuloglomerular feedback

d. angiotensin II

d. angiotensin II

Done by the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system.

a. neuronal control

b. myogenic mechanism

c. tubuloglomerular feedback

d. angiotensin II

a. neuronal control

Which 2 choices above are "autoregulation" mechanisms of controlling GFR?

A. neuronal control

B. myogenic mechanism

C. tubuloglomerular feedback

D. angiotensin II

a. A and B

b. B and C

c. C and D

d. A and D

e. None of these are autoregulation mechanisms

b. B and C

The Proximal Convoluted Tubule

a. Contains microvilli to increase its surface area

b. Inserts or removes channels called aquaporins to change its permeability to water

c. Is under the control of Aldosterone and ADH

d. Reabsorbs only about 25% solutes and 15% H2O that get filtered into the nephron

e. Is part of the renal corpuscle

a. Contains microvilli to increase its surface area

The Distal Convoluted Tubule

a. Contains microvilli to increase its surface area

b. Inserts or removes channels called aquaporins to change its permeability to water

c. Is the major contributor of the salinity gradient of the renal medulla

d. Reabsorbs variable amounts of water and solutes depending on hormone levels

e. Is part of the renal corpuscle

d. Reabsorbs variable amounts of water and solutes depending on hormone levels

Blood osmolarity remains unchanged, but blood volume decreases

a. dehydration

b. volume excess

c. hypotonic hydration

d. hypovolemia

d. hypovolemia

Will increase blood osmolarity and stimulate the osmoreceptors to produce an intense thirst

a. dehydration

b. volume excess

c. hypotonic hydration

d. hypovolemia

a. dehydration

Blood volume increases but blood osmolarity decreases.

a. dehydration

b. volume excess

c. hypotonic hydration

d. hypovolemia

c. hypotonic hydration

Blood volume increases, but osmolarity is unchanged, Caused by hypersecretion of Aldosterone

a. dehydration

b. volume excess

c. hypotonic hydration

d. hypovolemia

b. volume excess

Can be used when we sweat but then drink plain water.

a. dehydration

b. volume excess

c. hypotonic hydration

d. hypovolemia

c. hypotonic hydration

Causes cells to swell as water moves from extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid.

a. dehydration

b. volume excess

c. hypotonic hydration

d. hypovolemia

c. hypotonic hydration

How will the body respond to a state of respiratory alkalosis?

a. Increase breathing rate to decrease pH

b. Decrease breathing rate to increase pH

c. Increase breathing rate to increase pH

d. Decrease breathing rate to decrease pH

d. Decrease breathing rate to decrease pH

Drinking too little water will result in ______urine, while drinking too much water will produce ______urine.

a. hypotonic; hypertonic

b. hypertonic; hypotonic

b. hypertonic; hypotonic

A common treatment for kidney stones is:

a. cystogram

b. lithotripsy

c. hemodialysis

b. lithotripsy

One cause of respiratory alkalosis is hyperventilation. Hyperventilation results in ____ CO2 levels and a (an) ____ in pH.

a. increased; decrease

b decreased; increase

b decreased; increase

How will the body respond to a state of respiratory alkalosis?

a. increased breathing rate to decrease pH

b. decreased breathing rate to increase pH

c. increased breathing rate to increase pH

d decreased breathing rate to decrease pH

d decreased breathing rate to decrease pH

During cold weather, we lose water through

a. Increased expiratory water loss

b. Loss of water from blood, tissue fluid, and intracellular fluid

c. Vasoconstriction of blood vessels, ultimately leading to increased urine output

d. A and B are correct

e. A and C are correct

e. A and C are correct