All of the animal life in a particular region, or period.
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Flora
All the plant life in a particular region, or period.
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Biosphere
Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.
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Organism
Individual living thing.
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Species
A group of organisms that are closely related, who can mate to produce fertile offspring. All of the cats are feline, but each cat is a different species.
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Biodiversity
The number, and variety of living organisms in a given area, during a specific period of time.
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Ecosystem
A system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment.
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Habitat
Place where an organism lives.
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Niche
An organism's particular role in an ecosystem, or how it makes its living.
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Abiotic
All of the non-living parts of an ecosystem.
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Biotic
All of the living parts of an ecosystem.
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Biomass
Total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level.
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Herbivore
A consumer that eats only plants.
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Carnivore
An animal that eats other animals \n A consumer that eats only animals.
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Omnivore
A consumer that eats both plants and animals.
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Producer
An organism that can make its own energy.
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Consumer
An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms.
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Autotroph
An organism that makes its own energy (aka producer).
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Heterotroph
An organism that cannot make its own food, it gets energy by consuming other living things, or their by-products. Also known as a consumer.
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Prey
An organism that is hunted, killed and eaten by another organism.
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Predator
An animal that hunts, and kills other animals for food.
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Population
A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area.
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Community
A group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other.
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Food Web
A diagram that shows the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem; it contains multiple overlapping food chains.
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Food Chain
A diagram that represents how energy in food flows from one organism to the next in an ecosystem.
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Energy Pyramid
A diagram that shows the amount of energy that moves from one trophic level to another in an ecosystem.
The number, and variety of living organisms in a given area, during a specific period of time.
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Ecosystem
A system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment.
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Population
A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area.
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Community
A group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other.
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Food Web
A diagram that shows the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem; it contains multiple overlapping food chains.
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Food Chain
A diagram that represents how energy in food flows from one organism to the next in an ecosystem.
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Energy Pyramid
A diagram that shows the amount of energy that moves from one trophic level to another in an ecosystem.
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Decomposition
The breaking down of matter into simpler molecules. Typically performed by bacteria.
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Carbon Cycle
The movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things and back.
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Combustion
Burning of fossil fuels and wood, releasing energy and carbon dioxide.
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Nitrogen Cycle
The movement of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere.
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Water Cycle
The movement of water from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back.
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Photosynthesis
Process used by plants to capture and convert the sun's energy, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose (sugar).
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Transpiration
The evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant into the atmosphere.
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Succession
The sequence of biotic changes that regenerate a damaged community or create a community in a previously uninhabited area.
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Evaporation
A physical change from a liquid to a gas at a temperature that is lower than the boiling point.
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Condensation
A physical change from a gas to a liquid at cooler temperatures (the opposite of evaporation).
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Precipitation
Any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth's surface.
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Enzymes
Protein catalysts that; are not consumed or permanently changed, lowers activation energy, do not affect overall free energy, increase rate of reaction, do not alter equilibrium, are affected by pH, temperature and salt concentration
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Substrate
molecule which an enzyme acts on
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Active site
three dimensional shape into which the substrate fits and is held in a particular orientation
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Enzyme substrate complex
When substrate is bound to the enzyme. (lock and key theory, induced fit hypothesis)
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Cofactors
non protein molecule that can aid or prevent the binding of the substrate to the enzyme
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Two types of cofactors
metal cations (Zn, Fe), and small organic groups (vitamins, ATP). Think heme and vitamin C
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Effects on Temperature (kinetics)
Every enzyme has an optimal temperature it works at. The rate of the reaction is dependent on the temperature of the environment. 37C is most common optimal temp for animals.
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Effects of pH (kinetics)
Every enzyme has an optimal pH it works at. The rate of the reaction is dependent on the pH of the environment
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Allosteric Inhibitors
prevents enzyme from binding to its substrate by stabilizing the inactive conformation
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Allosteric activators
activator stabilizes active configuration promoting formation of enzyme substrate complexes
stimulates proteins to bind more effectively by increasing affinity for the substrate. (Example is Heme (iron) group in Hemoglobin, this is not an enzyme but is a protein example)
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Inhibition types
Feedback, competitive and noncompetitive
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Feedback inhibition
One of the products of the reaction is responsible for turning the enzyme off. When product concentration reaches high levels, enzymes are inhibited, production of affected enzymes are stopped.
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Competitive inhibitors
Molecule that interferes with substrate binding by binding to the active site. Since the active site is occupied the substrate can not bind.
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Non competitive inhibitors
Molecule that binds away from the active site (allosteric) and changes the enzyme shape. This change in shape reduces the enzyme's affinity for its substrate.
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Effects of substrate concentration (kinetics)
Reaction rate dependent on substrate concentration. When substrate is low compared to enzyme many active sites are are empty. Increasing substrate increases the rate up until Vmax is reached.
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Exothermic reactions
heat being released to the surroundings along with the products
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Endothermic reactions
heat being absorbed by the surroundings along with the reactants
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Reactant
A substance or molecule that participates in a chemical reaction (not free energy)
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Product
A substance or molecule produced as a result of a chemical reaction (not free energy)
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Free energy
Is either absorbed or released in a chemical reaction depending on the type.
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Kinetics
Dealing with the reaction rates of chemical and biochemical reactions
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Catalyst
Molecule or chemical that lowers a reactions activation energy and thus increases the reaction rate for that reaction.
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Activation energy
Energy needed to make a reaction occur. Energy can be movement.
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Allosteric site
Site away from the active site. Cofactors can bind to affect the enzymes activity.
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Affinity
Strength with which two molecules bind. High affinity= bind easily. Low affinity= difficult to bind
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TELL ME THE GOD DAMN PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATION
6CO2 + 6H20 + Sunlight → 6O2 + C6H1206
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TELL ME THE GOD DAMN CELLULAR RESPIRATION EQUATION
6O2 + C6H1206 → 6CO2 + 6H20 + 34 ATP
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DOGMA, TELL ME IT, NOW!
DNA (Located in the Nucleus) → Transcription → MRNA → Translation ( Located in Rhibosome and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ) → Turns into Protein
Studied by 14 people
