chapter 8

Medical Model

views mental health issues as biological conditions, treatable with medication and therapy

Etiology

Cause and development of the disorder

Diagnosis

Identifying and distinguishing the disorder

Treatment

Treating the disorder in a hospital

Prognosis

Forecast of the disorder

DSM4

Dictionary for disorders

Dissociative identity disorder

When one has 2 or more personality in them

General anxiety disorder

Long and uncontrollable tenseness and apprehension

PTSD

Four or more weeks of constant nightmares, haunting memories, social withdrawals, or jumpy feelings

Bipolar

Alternation between mania and depression

Anxiety

feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease about something that is either happening in the present or that you think might happen in the future

Depression

causes a persistent feeling of sadness and a loss of interest in activities you once enjoyed'; “common cold” of psychological disorders

OCD

Persistence of unwanted thoughts and urge to engage in useless rituals that onyl cause stress

Schizophrenia

disease of the brain exhibited by the symptoms of the mind; translates to “split mind”

Agoraphobia

Fear of open spaces

Claustrophobia

Fear of closed spaces

Dysthymic Disorder

form of depression characterized by long-lasting (two years or more) symptoms that are less severe than major depression

Psychoanalytic Perspective

says if there is any mental issues happening with patient, if they talk about it, they will feel better

Who developed the Psychoanalytic Perspective

Sigmund Freud

Interpersonal psychotherapy

focuses on symptom relief here and now, but not an overall personality change

Humanistic Perspective

Therapists listening to patient, then the therapists gives solutions to boost the self-esteem

Who developed Humanistic Perspective

Carl Rogers

Active listening

repeating the problems back to the person talking

Biological Persecptive

Only goal is to fix the behavior on the surface

Counterconditioning

procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors

Aversive conditioning

Type of counter conditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior

Token Economy

Rewarded for good behavior, punished for bad behavior

Socio-Cultural Perspective

way of understanding how people think, feel, and behave by considering the social and cultural influences around them

Behavioral Perspective

focuses on how we learn and how our environment shapes our behaviors

Warning signs of schizophrenia

Disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, inappropriate actions

3 D’s to describe behavior disorder

Dysfunction, Distress, Deviance

Dysfunction

This refers to a breakdown in a person's normal thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

Distress

This refers to significant emotional pain or suffering caused by the behavior.

Deviance

This refers to a behavior that significantly violates social norms or cultural expectations.

Hallucination for schizophrenia

Auditory hallucinations, Visual hallucinations, Tactile hallucinations, Olfactory hallucinations, Gustatory hallucinations

Auditory hallucinations

Hearing things that aren't there. This is the most common type in schizophrenia. People might hear voices talking to them, commenting on their actions, or giving them orders.

Visual hallucinations

Seeing things that aren't there. People might see people, objects, or even strange lights or colors.

Tactile hallucinations

Feeling things that aren't there, like bugs crawling on the skin or someone touching you.

Olfactory hallucinations

Smelling things that aren't there, like pleasant or unpleasant odors.

Gustatory hallucinations

Tasting things that aren't there, like a metallic taste in the mouth.

Antisocial personality disorder

Disorder where a person ha no remorse

3 ways disorders are treated

Therapy, Medication, Lifestyle changes

Therapy

This involves working with a mental health professional to develop coping mechanisms, change thought patterns, and improve emotional regulation

Medication

Sometimes medication can be helpful in managing symptoms of a disorder

Lifestyle changes

Making healthy lifestyle choices can have a big impact on mental health

Exposure therapy

gradually exposes someone to a feared situation in a safe environment to help them learn it's not dangerous.

Aversive conditioning

creates a negative association with an unwanted behavior to discourage it.

behavior modification

set of methods that use learning principles to change behavior

Psychopharmacology

study of drug effects on mind and behavior

Atypical Antipsychotic

blocks receptors for dopamine and serotonin to remove the negative symptoms

Antianxiety Drugs

depress the central nervous system and reduce anxiety and tension by elevating leves of Gamma-aminobuytric acid

Antidepressant drugs

improves mood by elevating levels of serotonin by inhibiting reuptake

ECT

Used for severely depressed patients who do not respond to drugs

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Pulsating magnetic coil is placed over prefrontal regions of the brain to treat depression

Different types of therapists, education, and what they do

Clinical Psychologists

Doctoral-level psychologists who assess, diagnose, and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders

Clinical or Psychiatric Social Worker

provide mental health support and connect people with resources in healthcare and community settings

Psychiatrists

Medical doctors who can diagnose mental health conditions and prescribe medication

Counselors

work with problems arising from family relations, spouse and child abusers and their victims, and substance abusers