chapter 8

  • Medical Model: views mental health issues as biological conditions, treatable with medication and therapy

    • Etiology: Cause and development of the disorder

    • Diagnosis: Identifying and distinguishing the disorder

    • Treatment: Treating the disorder in a hospital

    • Prognosis: Forecast of the disorder

  • DSM4: Dictionary for disorders

  • Dissociative identity disorder: When one has 2 or more personality in them

  • General anxiety disorder: Long and uncontrollable tenseness and apprehension

  • PTSD: Four or more weeks of constant nightmares, haunting memories, social withdrawals, or jumpy feelings

  • Bipolar: Alternation between mania and depression

  • Anxiety: feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease about something that is either happening in the present or that you think might happen in the future

  • Depression: causes a persistent feeling of sadness and a loss of interest in activities you once enjoyed'; “common cold” of psychological disorders

  • OCD: Persistence of unwanted thoughts and urge to engage in useless rituals that onyl cause stress

  • Schizophrenia: disease of the brain exhibited by the symptoms of the mind; translates to “split mind”

  • Agoraphobia: Fear of open spaces

  • Claustrophobia: Fear of closed spaces

  • Dysthymic Disorder: form of depression characterized by long-lasting (two years or more) symptoms that are less severe than major depression

  • Psychoanalytic Perspective: says if there is any mental issues happening with patient, if they talk about it, they will feel better

  • Who developed the Psychoanalytic Perspective: Sigmund Freud

  • Interpersonal psychotherapy: focuses on symptom relief here and now, but not an overall personality change

  • Humanistic Perspective: Therapists listening to patient, then the therapists gives solutions to boost the self-esteem

  • Who developed Humanistic Perspective: Carl Rogers

  • Active listening: repeating the problems back to the person talking

  • Biological Persecptive: Only goal is to fix the behavior on the surface

    • Counterconditioning: procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors

      • Aversive conditioning: Type of counter conditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior

    • Token Economy: Rewarded for good behavior, punished for bad behavior

  • Socio-Cultural Perspective: way of understanding how people think, feel, and behave by considering the social and cultural influences around them

  • Behavioral Perspective: focuses on how we learn and how our environment shapes our behaviors

  • Warning signs of schizophrenia: Disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, inappropriate actions

  • 3 D’s to describe behavior disorder: Dysfunction, Distress, Deviance

    • Dysfunction: This refers to a breakdown in a person's normal thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

    • Distress: This refers to significant emotional pain or suffering caused by the behavior.

    • Deviance: This refers to a behavior that significantly violates social norms or cultural expectations.

  • Hallucination for schizophrenia

    • Auditory hallucinations: Hearing things that aren't there. This is the most common type in schizophrenia. People might hear voices talking to them, commenting on their actions, or giving them orders.

    • Visual hallucinations: Seeing things that aren't there. People might see people, objects, or even strange lights or colors.

    • Tactile hallucinations: Feeling things that aren't there, like bugs crawling on the skin or someone touching you.

    • Olfactory hallucinations: Smelling things that aren't there, like pleasant or unpleasant odors.

    • Gustatory hallucinations: Tasting things that aren't there, like a metallic taste in the mouth.

  • Antisocial personality disorder: Disorder where a person ha no remorse

  • 3 ways disorders are treated: Therapy, Medication, Lifestyle changes

    • Therapy: This involves working with a mental health professional to develop coping mechanisms, change thought patterns, and improve emotional regulation

    • Medication: Sometimes medication can be helpful in managing symptoms of a disorder

    • Lifestyle changes: Making healthy lifestyle choices can have a big impact on mental health

      • Exposure therapy: gradually exposes someone to a feared situation in a safe environment to help them learn it's not dangerous.

      • Aversive conditioning: creates a negative association with an unwanted behavior to discourage it.

    • Operant conditioning

      • behavior modification: set of methods that use learning principles to change behavior

    • Psychopharmacology:study of drug effects on mind and behavior

    • Atypical Antipsychotic: blocks receptors for dopamine and serotonin to remove the negative symptoms

    • Antianxiety Drugs: depress the central nervous system and reduce anxiety and tension by elevating leves of Gamma-aminobuytric acid

    • Antidepressant drugs: improves mood by elevating levels of serotonin by inhibiting reuptake

  • ECT: Used for severely depressed patients who do not respond to drugs

  • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: Pulsating magnetic coil is placed over prefrontal regions of the brain to treat depression

  • Different types of therapists, education, and what they do

    • Clinical Psychologists: Doctoral-level psychologists who assess, diagnose, and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders

    • Clinical or Psychiatric Social Worker: provide mental health support and connect people with resources in healthcare and community settings

    • Psychiatrists: Medical doctors who can diagnose mental health conditions and prescribe medication

    • Counselors: work with problems arising from family relations, spouse and child abusers and their victims, and substance abusers