Endocrine, Renal and Respiratory (UCF PCB 3703 Lab), UCF - Human Physiology Lab Exam 3

The pituitary gland is also called the __________ because it is located....

-hypophysis
-beneath the brain within the cranial cavity, attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum

The pituitary gland is under control of the _________________

hypothalamus

The pituitary gland consists of two lobes, _____________ and __________________________ that is composed of _____________ epithelium

-anterior pituitary
-adenohypophysis
-glandular

The pituitary glad secretes six hormones under direction of the hypothalamus, they are...

-growth hormone
-adrenocorticotrophic hormone
-prolactin
-follicle-stimulating hormone
-luteinizing hormone

What does the growth hormone do?

regulate metabolism and body growth

what does the adreocorticotrophic hormone do?

activates the adrenal gland

what does the prolactin hormone do?

stimulates milk secretion by the mammary glands

What does follicle stimulating hormone do?

stimulates the development of ova in females and sperm in males

What does luteinizing hormone do?

stimulates secretion of sex hormones by the gonads

What endocrine glands are in the cranial cavity?

pituitary and pineal

What endocrine gland(s) are in the neck?

thyroid and parathyroid

What endocrine gland(s) are in the abdominal cavity?

pancreas and adrenal glands

What endocrine gland(s) are in the thoracic cavity?

thymus

The posterior pituitary is also called the ______________ due to its composition of _________ __________.

-neurohypophysis
-nervous tissue

The posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) neurons originate in the ___________ with axons that extend through the __________________.

-hypothalamus
-infundibulum

The posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) releases two hormones produced by the hypothalamus packaged into vesicles and travel along the infundibulum. They are......?

-antidiuretic hormone
-oxytocin (stimulates contractions of uterus and milk secretion)

The pineal gland contains secretory cells called ______________ which synthesize one hormone called...

-pinealocytes
-melatonin

The thyroid is consisted of two lobes connected by

the isthmus

the thyroid is composed of microscopic follicles that contain a large insoluble protein molecule known as

colloid

the walls of the thyroid gland are simple __________ or simple ________ epithelium

cubodial
columinar

the thyroid consists of secretory cells called __________ or _ _________________.

follicular cells
T thyrocytes

The follicle cells of the thyroid secrete __________________

thyroglobulin

Follicular cells are located between __________________ cells or _ _______________ which secrete a third hormone

-parafollicular cells
-C thyrocytes

The parathyroid glad secretes:

thyroxine (T4)
triiodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin (CT)

Thyroxine hormone does what

secreted by follicular cells, it regulates the breakdown of glucose, regulates tissue growth, and maintains blood pressure

Triiodothyronine hormone does what

secreted by follicular cells, it works in conjunction with thyroxine to produce the same effects. Together they are referred to as thyroid hormone

Calcitonin hormone does what?

secreted by parafollicular cells, it stimulates the production of new bone material. An important effect of producing new bone is the reduction of calcium levels in the blood

The parathyroid hormone does what?

increases calcium levels in the blood. It is an antagonist of calcitonin

The __________ __________ is a yellowish outer fringe of the adrenal gland.

adrenal cortex

The adrenal cortex produces more than two dozen hormones called ______________

corticosteroids

how much volume of the adrenal cortex does the outer zona glomerulosa form?

15%

The adrenal cortex secretes ______________ hormones

mineralocorticoids (MCs)

mineralocorticoids (MCs) do what?

steroid hormones that affect the electrolyte composition of the bodily fluids.

What is the primary member of the mineralocorticoids (MCs) group? What does it do?

-aldosterone
-causes retention of sodium in cells

The zona fasciculata is what zone of the adrenal cortex? How much volume does it take up?

-middle region
-78%

What does the zona fasciculata secrete?

glucocorticoids (GCs)

What do glucocorticoids (GCs) do?

affect rate of glucose metabolim

What is the primary hormone in the glucocorticoids (GCs) group? What does it do?

cortisol (aka hydrocortisone) which reduces inflammation after its conversion to cortisone by the liver

What is the inner region of the adrenal cortex? How much volume does it take up?

-zona reticularis
-7%

The zona reticularis secretes

androgens

What are androgens? What do they secrete?

precursor to sex hormones

The __________ _________ is the inner reddish brown region of each adrenal glands. Its cells are large and the border between the two parts is irregular

adrenal medulla

What cell secretions produce in fight or flight responses?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

The pancreas contains two types of cells, they are?

exocrine (99%) and endocrine (1%)

pancreatic exocrine cells are referred to as ________

acini

The endocrine cells of the pancreas are isolated into small clusters known as ______________ ______.

pancreatic islets (or islets or langerhans)

Each pancreatic islet contains two primary cell types:

-alpha cells
-beta cells

The pancreas secretes ___________ which does what?

-insulin
-enhances glucose absorption into cells and its utilization by metabolism
-also stimulates glycogen formation in the liver and skeletal muscle cells

A peptide hormone secreted by alpha cells when blood glucose concentration falls below normal levels ....

glucagon

The endocrine system refers to the

communicative structures that release hormones to manipulate various processes.

Primary endocrine organs:

produce and secrete hormones as their primary physiological role

secondary endocrine organs and tissues

Produce and secrete hormones in addition to their main function

Steroids are synthesized from____________. Only __________ and ________________________ hormones are steriods.

-cholesterol
-gonadal and adrenocortical
-they are lipid soluable

Derived from amino acids, this includes _________ (such as epinephrine and thyroxine) and __________ (such as growth hormone and vasopressin).

-amines
-peptides

hypothalamic neurons secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones into _________ ______--

capillary plexus

Hypothalamic hormones travel through _______________ _______________ veins to the anterior pituitary where there stimulate or inhibit release of hormones made in the ___________ _______.

-hypophyseal portal
-anterior pituitary

anterior pituitary hormones are secreted into the ______ _______________ and in turn empties into the _______ ____________

-secondary capillaries
-general circulation

What is the target tisssue of the Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Adrenal glands, specifically the adrenal cortex

What is the target tissue of the Luteinizing hormone

ovaries and testies

What is the target tissue of the Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

ovaries and testes

What is the target tissue of the growth hormone (GH)

Liver, muscle, bone, cartilage, & other tissues

What is the target tissue of prolactin (PRL)

mammary glands

What is the target tissue of oxytocin?

uterine smooth muscle and mammary glands

The pineal gland is also called

epiphysis

Precursors of melatonin

tryptophan, serotonin

Calcitonin inhibits ___________ activity, therefore, inhibiting

-osteoclast
-bone resorption and the release of calcium from the bony matrix

The parathyroid hormone stimulates three target organs:

-skeleton (stimulates osteoclasts to digest calcium rich bony matrix and release the calcium into the blood)
-kidneys (increases Ca absorption)
-intestine (promotes vitamin D activation)

Alpha cells of the pancrease secrete

glucagon
(hypoglycemia is the main releasing activator)

beta cells of the pancrease secrete

insulin
(hyperglycemia is the main releasing activator)

diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by persistent

hyperglycemia

diabetes mellitus (DM) can lead to other health implications such as

alzheimers
nerve degeneration
cognitive dysfunction

Gas exchange three steps:

1) pulmonary ventilation
2) external respiration
3) internal respiration

What occurs during pulmonary ventilation

-inspiration of air into alveoli by respiratory muscle contraction
-expiration of air by respiratory muscles relaxing

What occurs during external respiration

- Oxygen diffuses into the blood from the alveoli and into the capillaries where Co2 diffuses out of the blood

What occurs during internal respiration

-oxygen is carried in the bloodstream and diffuses into surrounding body cells
- Co2 moves from cells to blood stream

Boyles law

the pressure of gas within a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the same container

The urinary system is composed of ...

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

the kidneys contribute to homeostasis by regulating

plasma composition through the elimination of metabolic wastes, toxins, excess ions, and water

Functions of the kidney (7)

-regulates volume, composition, and pH of body fluids
-regulates acid-base
-regulates metabolism (via gluconeogenesis during fasting)
-regulates plasma osmolarity (through aquaporin in collecting duct)
-detoxifies metabolic waste
-converts D3 to active form
-synthasizes hormones (a erythropoietin and renin)

Renal artery to

segmental artery

segmental artery to

interlobar artery

interlobar artery to

arcuate artery

arcuate artery to

interlobular artery

interlobular artery to

afferent arteriole

afferent arteriole to

glomerulus

glomerulus to ________ arteriole. This is also where __________ begins

-efferent arteriole
-filtration

glomerulus filtration to

glomerular capsule

glomerular capsule to

PCT

PCT to

loop of henle

Loop of henle to

DCT

DCT to

collecting duct

collecting duct to

minor calyx and then major calyx to renal pelvis, ureter, to urinary bladder and urethra

efferent arteriole to

peritubular capillaries

peritubular capillaries secrete and reabsorb from where?

PCT

peritubular capillaries to

vasa recta

vasa recta to

interlobular vein

interlobular vein to

arcuate vein

arcuate vein to

interlobar vein

interlobar vein to

segmental vein