PSCI 102C: Abnormal Psych Midterm #1

Define mental disorder

causes personal distress, disability, dysfunction and its a violation of social norms

DSM-5 definition of mental disorder

a syndrome that is present in an individual and that involves clinically significant disturbance in behavior, emotion regulation, or cognitive functioning

stigma

a mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person.

what are some antecedent historical definitions evolve

- classical hysteria

-homosexuality

- gender dysphoria

what was mental illness referred to in Ancient Egypt (17th century B.C.)

Ebers papyrus

who were the father of modern medicine

hippocrates

-natural causes

- biological theory involved in

- sanguin: blood

choleric: yellow bile

melancholic: black bile

phlegmatic: phlegm

disorders: mania

When did asylums begin?

13th century

Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)

- Pioneer crusader for elevation of standards of care for the mentally ill.

- Failed to build 32 new public hospitals - Superintendent of Female Nurses of the Union Army.

medical model

disease in the body, biological diagnosis, targeted biological treatment

(somatogenic, psychogenic )

biopsychosocial model

biological factors (genes, neurotransmitters, hormones)

psychological factors (cognitive, emotional, behavioral)

social factors (culture, societal norms, family dynamics)

general paresis

disease that leads to paralysis, insanity, and eventually death; discovery of this disease helped establish a connection between biological diseases and mental disorders

Galton's theory

mental illness can be inherited

- eugenics sterilization: to eliminate undesirable characteristics

breakthroughs in psychopharmacology

- clorpromazine

- antipsychotics & antianxiety

- antidepressants

Bruer (1842-1925)

combined the techniques of hypnosis and talk therapy to facilitate catharsis in Anna O

cathartic method

release of emotional tension by reliving and talking about event

based on "hydraulic" theory of mind

Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory

Human behavior determined by unconscious forces.

Psychopathology results from conflicts among these unconscious forces.

defense mechanisms

the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality such as repression, projection, reaction formation, etc

psychoanalytic therapy

Uses various methods to help a patient become aware of his/her unconscious motives, in order to help the patient be more able to choose behaviors consciously. Therapy sessions usually focus on patients talking about their lives and reducing anxiety through self insight through analysis and interpretation.

behaviorism

the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only

- focus on learning than thinking

what are the three types of learning

classical conditioning, operant conditioning,

modeling

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)

The organism learns to associate two stimuli

One produces a response that originally was only produced by the other

Classic example of dog/bell and salivation

little albert

Watson's study on the generalization of fear. Conditioning subject to be afraid

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

postive reinforcement

behavior followed by pleasant stimuli are strengthened

- dog given treat when sits

negative reinforcement

behaviors that terminate a negative stimulus are strengthened

- car beeping stops when seatbelt buckled

modeling/observational learning

learning through observation and imitation of the behavior of other individuals and consequences of that behavior

- can occur without reinforcement

- bandura & menlove study (reducing children's fear of dogs

humanistic psychology

A clinical viewpoint emphasizing human ability, growth, potential, and free will.

focus on self-actualization, patient centered therapy, unconditional warmth and acceptance

Major component to all psychotherapy

Ellis (1913-2007)

REBT (rational emotive behavior therapy)

cognitive therapy

a treatment method designed to identify and correct distorted thinking patterns that can lead to feelings and behaviors that may be troublesome, self-defeating, or self-destructive

Emphasizes thoughts and beliefs

Understanding maladaptive thoughts Change cognition to change feeling & behavior

cognition

The mental process that includes perceiving, recognizing, conceiving, reasoning

2 types of processes:

- cognitive abilities (memory, attention, language)

- cognitions (thoughts, beliefs)

cognitive schema

an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world

integrative therapy

"third wave"

A combination of techniques from different therapies based on the therapist's judgment of which particular methods will provide the greatest benefit for the client.

When was the DSM first published?

1952

Listed more than 500 mental disorders, each entry explained how to diagnose the disorder and treat it properly, it was further in detail

Neo-Kraepelinian Approach to classification

focus on the pattern and course of signs and symptoms

categorical classification

either you are anxious or you are not

ex. does the person have high blood pressure? yes or no

dimensional classification

how anxious are you on a scale from 1 to 10

ex. where does the person's blood pressure fall on a continuum of measurement?

Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

- careful selection of patients

- random assignment to treatment vs control

- large & representative sample

-reliable & valid outcomes

- internal & external validity

what are some examples of nocebo effect ?

headache

nervousness

feeling tired/ drowsy

stomach pain/ diarrhea

dry mouth

eye redness/ nosebleed

skin rash

Heritability

The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.

alleles

different forms of the same gene

Polymorphism

Difference in DNA sequence on a gene occurring in a population

single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

identify differences in sequence of genes

copy number variation

identifies differences in genes with various repeats or deletions of base pairs

anxiety factors

biological, motivational, cognitive, behavioral

where is the alert center found

the locus coeruleus

where is the fear center located

amygdala

where is the emotion control center located

medial prefrontal cortex

James-Lange theory of emotion

behaviors and physiological reactions linked to fear can cause fearful thoughts

- arousal is non-specific emotional response

Ex. you feel your body changes through the alarm state so it makes you more afraid

abnormal psychology

the scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning

what are the characteristics of stigma

1. A Distinguishing label is applied to a group of people

2. The label refers to deviant or UnDesirable attributes

3. People with the label are seen as Different from those without the label

4. People with the label are Discriminated against unfairly

How is mental illness defined?

-distress: having distress before labeled abnormal

- disability/danger: careless/ hurting themselves and others

- dysfunctional: interferes with daily chores

- deviant: going against cultural and social norms/ out of the ordinary

norms

A society's stated and unstated rules for proper conduct.

culture

a people's common history, values, institutions, habits, skills, technology, and arts

Trephination

An ancient operation in which a stone instrument was used to cut away a circular section of the skull, perhaps to treat abnormal behavior.

beyond the greeks

ancient india

- ayurvedic medicine

who were behind the reform

- phillipe pinel: pioneered humanitarian treatment at la bicetre (moral treatment)

Deinstutionalization

the discharge of large numbers of patients from long-term institutional care so that they might be treated in community programs

20th century shift: less long term admissions, shorter stays, police interactions, jails/ ERS

eccentricty

an unusual pattern with which others have no right to interfere

treatment

A systematic procedure designed to change abnormal behavior into more normal behavior. Also called therapy.

therapy

a systematic process to help people overcome psychological difficulties

requires: a patient, therapist

who believed in possession by demons

egyptian, chinese and hebrews

humors

According to the Greeks and Romans, bodily chemicals that influence mental and physical functioning

mass madness

large numbers of people apparently shared absurd false beliefs and imagined sights or sounds

tarantism

groups of people would suddenly start to jump, dance, and go into convulsions

asylum

A type of institution that first became popular in the sixteenth century to provide care for persons with mental disorders. Most became virtual prisons.

moral treatment

a nineteenth-century approach to treating people with mental dysfunction that emphasized moral guidance and humane and respectful treatment

Benjamin Rush (1745-1813)

Father of American Psychiatry

state hospitals

State-run public mental institutions in the United States.

Somatogenic perspective

the view that abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes

psychogenic perspective

the view that the chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological

Treatments of Psychological Disorders

tooth extraction, tonsillectomy, hydrotherapy (hot and cold baths), lobotomy (surgical cutting of nerve fibers in the brain), eugenic sterilization, insulin-coma therapy

mesmerism

hypnotism

psychoanalysis

either the theory or the treatment of abnormal mental functioning that emphasizes unconscious psychological forces as the cause of psychopathology

psychotropic medications

drugs that mainly affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunctioning

private psychotherapy (personal therapy)

an arrangement in which a person directly pays a therapist for counseling services

preventions

interventions aimed at deterring mental disorders before they can develop

positive psychology

the study and enhancement of positive feelings, traits, and abilities

multicultural psychology

the field that examines the impact of culture, race, ethnicity, and gender on behaviors and thoughts and focuses on how such factors may influence the origin, nature, and treatment of abnormal behavior

managed care program

health care coverage in which the insurance company largely controls the nature, scope, and cost of medical or psychological services

nomothetic understanding

a general understanding of the nature, causes, and treatments of abnormal functioning, in the form of laws or principles

psychodynamic model

people's unconscious internal processes and conflicts, the belief that one's past determines their present behavior, deterministic assumption: no behaviors are accidental,

cognitive-behavioral model

emphasizes specific behaviors, learning, and thinking

Humanistic-Existential Model

human need to successfully deal with philosophical issues such as self awareness, values, meanings and choice

Personal worth, approach is optimistic

sociocultural model

family-social perspective and multicultural perspective, developmental theory: change in behavior over time, they shape their world

developmental psychopathology perspective

uses a developmental framework to understand how variables and principles from the various models may collectively account for human functioning

what are four major psychotropic drugs

- antianxiety drugs

- antidepressant drugs

- antibipolar drugs

- antipsychotic drugs

brain stimulation

interventions that directly or indirectly stimulate the brain in order to bring about psychological improvement

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT )

a treatment that involves inducing a mild seizure by delivering an electrical shock to the brain

unconscious level

unavailable to immediate awareness

Id

according to Freud, the psychological force that produces instinctual needs, drives, and impulses

pleasure principle: seeks gratification

libido: sexual energy

Ego

According to Freud, the psychological force that employs reason and operates in accordance with the reality principle.

reality principle: the knowledge we acquire through experience that can be unacceptable to express our id impulses

Creates ego defense mechanisms

Superego

according to Freud, the psychological force that represents a person's values and ideals

Morality principle: what is right and what is wrong

Develop conscience

Excessive conflict of the three can develop dysfunction

fixation

According to Freud, a condition in which the id, ego, and superego do not mature properly and are frozen at an early stage of development.

psychoanalytic stages

Oral stage (ages birth - 1 ½ ) Anal stage (ages 1 ½ - 3) Phallic stage (ages 3 - 6) Latency stage (ages 6-12) Genital stage (adolescence)

self theory

the psychodynamic theory that emphasizes the role of the self - our unified personality

object relations theory

the psychodynamic theory that views the desire for relationships as the key motivating force in human behavior

psychodynamic therapy

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight

uncover past trauma and inner conflicts

examples: free association, therapist interpretation, catharsis, working through

free association (psychoanalysis)

a psychodynamic technique in which the patient describes any thought, feeling, or image that comes to mind, even if it seems unimportant

therapist interpretation

psychodynamic technique where the therapist listen and encourage the patient to talk; resistance, transference, and dreams

resistance: an unconscious refusal to participate fully in therapy

transference: according to psychodynamic, the redirection toward the psychotherapist of feelings associated with important figures in a patient's life or in the past

dreams: images/ ideas form in sleep

manifest (content to latent (symbol) content

catharsis

the reliving of past repressed feelings in order to settle internal conflicts and overcome problems