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Eukaryotic Cells
plant and animal cells (cells with a nucleus)
Prokaryotic cells
bacterial cells (cells without a nucleus)
What type of cell is a bacterial cell?
prokaryotic
What is smaller: an plant cell or a bacterial cell?
Bacterial cell.
How can you identify a prokaryotic cell?
It doesn't have a nucleus
How can you identify a eukaryotic cell?
It has a nucleus
Nucleus
Controls the cells activities and contains the DNA
Ribosomes
Make proteins
Cytoplasm
Where chemical reactions happen
Mitochondria
Power house of the cell where aerobic respiration occurs
Vacuole
Stores sap, water and waste that the cell doesn’t need right away
Chloroplast
Where photosynthesis happens
Cell membrane
Controls what enters and exits the cell
Cell wall
Strengthens the cell
What is the function of sperm cells?
Reproduction
What is the function of muscle cells?
Movement
What is the function of nerve cells?
Carrying messages quickly
What is the function of root hair cells?
Absorption of water and mineral ions
What is the function of phloem cells?
Transporting cell sap / food (translocation)
What is the function of xylem cells?
Transporting water (transpiration) and dissolved minerals
How are sperm cells specialised for reproduction?
Long tail for movement 2) Contain lots of mitochondria for respiration to generate energy for movement
How are muscle cells specialised for contraction?
Contain lots of mitochondria for respiration to generate energy for contraction
How are nerve cells specialised for rapid signalling?
Long cell to carry information over long distances 2) branches so that it can communicate with many other cells
How are root hair cells specialised for absorption?
Large surface area for absorption
How are xylem cells specialised for the transportation of water?
Dead cells form long, hollow tubes up which water can travel with little resistance
How are phloem cells adapted for the transportation of food substances?
Living cells with few organelles form long tubes up which cell sap / food can travel with little resistance
What is cell differentiation?
when a cell becomes specialised
When do animal cells usually differentiate?
at an early stage
When do plant cells usually differentiate?
anytime throughout their life
How do electron microscopes compare to light microscopes?
Electron microscopes: higher magnification, higher resolving power, more expensive
How did electron microscopes affect biologists?
they allowed biologists to see and understand many more structures in cells
How many chromosomes are in a human body cell?
23 pairs (46 in total)
What is the cell cycle?
The process in which a cell grows, then divides to form two identical cells
What are the three phases of the cell cycle?
Growth 2) Mitosis 3) Division
What happens in the growth phase of the cell cycle?
the DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome, and the number of ribosomes and mitochondria increases
What happens in the mitosis phase of the cell cycle?
one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides
What happens in the cell division phase of the cell cycle?
the cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to form two identical cells
What is a stem cell?
an unspecialised cell of an organism
What are embryonic stem cells?
Unspecialised cells in embryos which can develop into any type of cell
What are adult/mature stem cells?
Stem cells found in adults.They cannot differentiate into any type of cell
What is the main function of mature stem cells in the body?
Repairing and replacing cells.
What are meristem cells?
unspecialised cells that can differentiate into any type of plant cell
Where in plants is meristem tissue found?
The tips of shoots and in the roots.
What is diffusion?
net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
What substances move in and out of human cells by diffusion?
oxygen and carbon dioxide in gas exchange, and urea from cells
How are surfaces in organisms adapted for efficient substance exchange?
Thin membranes 2) Large surface area 3) lots of blood vessels in animals 4) good ventilation (lots of gases moving past)
What is the inside of the small intestine covered in?
Villi (which increase surface area)
What is the gas exchange surface in fish?
The gills.
What is osmosis?
the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane
What is active transport?
when substances move from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution (against a concentration gradient). This requires energy from respiration
