Unit 1-4 NES History

Confucius

Prominent Chinese philosopher and educator during the late Zhou dynasty (around 551-479 BCE).

Sandra Day O'Connor

First woman appointed to the United States Supreme Court, serving as an Associate Justice from 1981 to 2006.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Leader who led the modernization and westernization of Turkey following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.

All white males who owned property

Group of citizens able to vote and participate in Colonial governments according to Enlightenment thinkers.

Vedas

Ancient Indian texts containing hymns, rituals, and philosophical teachings contributed by Aryan culture.

The Red Scare referred to the fear and paranoia surrounding the spread of communism and radical leftist ideologies in the United States during the 1920s.

Plessy v

United States Supreme Court case where the idea of separate but equal was created to justify the decision.

It had a negative impact because it caused distrust in the government

Effect of the Watergate Scandal on American politics.

Russia and Ottoman Empire

Major powers involved in the Crimean War (1853-1856).

Students collecting and interpreting a variety of sources

Incorporating historiography into lessons for teachers.

Individual Rights

Principle of the Constitution that allows citizens to express political opinions and attend peaceful protests.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965

Result of Freedom Summer.

Mesoamerica

Primary development location of the Olmec civilization known for its distinctive large stone heads.

The Panic of 1819 was primarily caused by a speculative land bubble and overextended credit, while the Panic of 1837 was triggered by the collapse of the American banking system and the bursting of speculative investment bubbles.

Andrew Carnegie

Prominent industrialist and philanthropist known for his role in the steel industry and support for libraries and education.

Personal correspondence

Historical source material most useful for understanding the day-to-day lives and activities of individuals from the past.

Mercantilism

Economic shift in the 1500s focusing on exports while limiting imports for profit.

The Industrial Revolution

Major event leading to the development of labor unions and child labor laws.

It was the first time colonists created their own rules and laws in a form of self-governance

Significance of the Mayflower Compact.

A painting

Example of a secondary source.

The power to levy taxes

Congressional power directly responding to the failings of the Articles of Confederation.

Television

Technological advancement during the mid-20th century transforming communication and media consumption.

Babylonia

Ancient civilization known for creating Hammurabi's Code, one of the earliest known legal codes.

The Aztec civilization in Central America

Civilization known for its vast empire, with a capital city known as Tenochtitlan, and a complex religious and social structure.

Jimmy Carter

39th President of the United States, known for his advocacy of human rights and his role in brokering the Camp David Accords.

The Electoral College

Described by the provided quote regarding the appointment of electors.

They adapt to new evidence and perspectives, leading to shifts in understanding

How historical interpretations change over time.

Region A

Region where the majority of the population of the United States lived prior to American territorial expansion in the 1800s.

Battle of the Marne

Major turning point in World War I.

The European Union evolved from earlier forms of economic cooperation among European countries

Accurate description of the emergence of the European Union.

Change the government officials

Right stated in the Declaration of Independence if the government violates personal rights.

The demand for labor on large plantations producing cash crops

Factor contributing to the growth of slavery in the southern colonies during the colonial period.

The economy should have a strong financial, commercial, and manufacturing base

Represents Alexander Hamilton's political views.

Chiang Kai-shek

Prominent Chinese political and military leader opposing the Communists.

Ukraine is the largest recipient of Russia��s natural gas exports

Conclusion drawn from the provided graphs.

The Vietnam War

War best described by the first-hand account of a U.S. Marine, Tom Smith.

Isolationism

The avoidance of involvement in foreign conflicts and alliances.

Brahmanism

The early religious and philosophical system of ancient India centered around the concept of Dharma.

Primary Source

First-hand accounts of events or discoveries, providing original research, thoughts, or opinions, such as diaries from individuals living during the time.

Swahili Culture

Emerged due to Arab and Persian influences on the East African coast, with trade facilitating cultural exchange and economic growth.

Historiography

The study of how history has been written, researched, and interpreted over time, including methods, biases, and perspectives of historians.

Chronology

Organizing events over time in a sequence.

Periodization

Dividing history into periods for analysis and study.

Mental Maps

Images or maps of a location existing in someone's mind, formed from direct and indirect experiences.

Pie Chart

A circular graph divided into sections representing different categories, with sizes reflecting related information.

Bar Graph

Uses horizontal and vertical axes to represent categories and numerical values, allowing customization for graph appearance.

Zero Correlation

Indicates no linear relationship between two variables.

Analyzing Political Cartoons

Essential for understanding historical events, societal issues, and developing critical thinking skills.

Neolithic Revolution

Transition from hunter-gatherer to settled lifestyle, leading to agricultural growth, social differentiation, and economic specialization.

Mesopotamia

Region in modern-day Iraq and Syria known for early civilizations like Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Hittites.

Bronze-Making and Iron-Making Technology

Development of bronze and iron technologies by civilizations like Sumerians, Egyptians, and Hittites.

Egyptian Civilization

Ancient kingdom along the Nile with hierarchical society, divine kingship, complex religious beliefs, and economic reliance on agriculture.

Minoan Civilization

Flourished on Crete with egalitarian society, focus on trade, agriculture, and impressive art.

Mycenaean Civilization

Based in Greece with city-states, skilled in agriculture and trade, known for fortresses and involvement in the Trojan War.

Shang and Zhou Dynasties of China

Ruled the Yellow River valley, hierarchical societies, agricultural economies, cultural contributions, and the Silk Road.

Indus Valley Civilization

Thrived in the Indian subcontinent with planned cities, trade, and a script that remains undeciphered.

Aryan Invasion Theory

Discredited theory suggesting Aryans conquered the Indus Valley civilization, highlighting the importance of historical research.

Indo-European Migrations

Migrations from Pontic-Caspian steppe spreading Indo-European languages and cultures across Eurasia.

African Kingdom of Kush

Located in Sudan along the Nile, hierarchical society, economy based on agriculture and trade, adopting Egyptian culture.

Bantu Migrations

The movement of Bantu-speaking peoples from present-day Nigeria and Cameroon across sub-Saharan Africa from around 2000 BCE to 1000 CE, leading to the spread of Bantu languages, agricultural techniques, and cultural practices.

Olmec Civilization

An ancient civilization that emerged in the coastal lowlands of modern-day Mexico, particularly in the Gulf Coast region, known for its hierarchical society, agricultural practices, and impressive craftsmanship.

Classical Greece

Refers to the historical periods of Archaic Greece, Classical Greece, and Hellenistic Greece, characterized by city-states, significant battles like the Persian War, and cultural achievements such as philosophy and architecture.

Roman Republic

The period in ancient Rome before the transition to an empire, marked by events like the Punic Wars, the rise of Julius Caesar, and the establishment of the First Triumvirate.

Pax Romana

A period of relative peace and stability across the Roman Empire, known for architectural innovations like aqueducts and the Colosseum, as well as the development of an extensive road network.

Persian Empire

Also known as the Achaemenid Empire, it was a vast empire that spanned from Europe to India, known for its trading network, postal system, and the practice of Zoroastrianism.

Chinese Dynasties

A series of ruling dynasties in China over thousands of years, each with unique achievements, such as the Xia Dynasty's flood-controlling system, the Han Dynasty's bureaucratic system, and the Tang Dynasty's cultural flourishing.

Confucianism and Taoism

Influential philosophical and religious traditions in China, shaping Chinese culture, society, and governance, with Confucianism emphasizing social harmony and Taoism focusing on harmony with nature.

Confucianism

Philosophy emphasizing a just society through family order and hierarchical relationships, influencing governance, civil service exams, and cultural aspects in China.

Taoism

Philosophy influencing Chinese medicine and martial arts, focusing on balance with nature's energies and opponent's energy utilization.

Mauryan Empire

Indian empire (321 BCE - 185 BCE) known for centralized government, Ashoka's Buddhist conversion, edicts, road network, taxation, and Pali language development.

Gupta Empire

Indian empire (320 CE - 550 CE) characterized by political stability, decentralized governance, agriculture, trade, metallurgy, Sanskrit literature, and cultural flourishing.

Brahmanism

Ancient religious system preceding Hinduism, based on Vedic texts, Brahman concept, rituals, social hierarchy, reincarnation, karma, Atman, and spiritual practices.

Tambos

Administrative centers established by the Inca government along roads, serving as resting places for travelers and providing supplies, food, and accommodations.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of people, plants, animals, and diseases between Europe/Africa and the Americas after Christopher Columbus's arrival in 1492.

Classical African Kingdoms

Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires in West Africa, influenced by geography, trade, and cultural practices.

Byzantine Empire

Flourishing Eastern Roman Empire with a centralized autocracy, notable for Hagia Sophia, Justinian's Conquests, and the Code of Justinian.

Byzantine Scholars

Intellectuals in the Byzantine Empire like Procopius, Michael Psellos, Anna Komnen, Nikephoros Blemmydes, and John Argyropoulos, contributing to various fields.

Holy Roman Empire

Loose confederation of Frankish, Italian, and Germanic tribes under Roman Catholicism, marked by Crusades and Charlemagne's reign.

The Crusades

Series of religious military campaigns between Christians and Muslims over holy sites, impacting Europe and the Middle East.

The Black Death

Devastating pandemic caused by Yersinia pestis in the mid-14th century, leading to immense human suffering and altering the social and economic landscape.

Kievan Rus

Medieval state in Eastern Europe lasting from the 9th to the 13th century, characterized by political decentralization, Byzantine cultural influence, and a rich literary tradition.

Black Death and 100 Year War Impact

Both events reshaped European society, politics, and culture significantly. The Black Death caused demographic upheaval and economic changes, while the 100 Year War influenced politics, military strategies, and technological innovations.

Islamic Caliphates

After Prophet Muhammad's death, Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali successively led the Islamic religion as caliphs, spreading Islam across the Middle East. Sunnis and Shiites differ on the legitimate successors to Muhammad.

Abbasid Dynasty

During the Islamic Golden Age (750-1258 C.E.), the Abbasid Dynasty made significant contributions in astronomy, mathematics, medicine, and culture. They established libraries, universities, hospitals, and created Arabic numerals.

Prominent Islamic Scholars

Notable Islamic scholars like Ibn Rushd, Al-Khwarizmi, Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, and Rumi made significant contributions in philosophy, mathematics, medicine, and literature, shaping Islamic civilization's intellectual legacy.

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, lasting from 1299 to 1918 C.E., was a powerful Muslim empire that excelled in art, science, and commerce. It fell after siding with Germany in WWI.

Safavid Empire

The Safavid Empire, established in the 16th century, promoted Twelver Shia Islam, leading to a cultural renaissance in Persia. Shah Abbas I was known for his patronage of the arts and architectural marvels.

Mongol Empire

Founded by Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire facilitated cultural exchange between Europe and Asia through the Pax Mongolica. It influenced the spread of technology, the Black Death, and European exploration.

Mughal Empire

Founded by Babur, the Mughal Empire reached its peak under Akbar the Great, known for religious tolerance and administrative reforms. It flourished in art, architecture, literature, and international trade.

Japanese Empire

The Ancient Imperial Japanese Empire, or Yamato period (300-710 CE), marked significant political, social, and cultural developments in Japan's history.

Yamato Period

Named after the Yamato clan, it saw the emergence of a centralized government in Japan with the emperor as the supreme political authority.

Imperial System of Government

Established during the Yamato period, it lasted for over a thousand years and led to a hierarchical social structure in Japan.

Spread of Buddhism

Promoted by Yamato rulers, Buddhism had a profound influence on Japanese culture and society during the Yamato period.

Samurai

A class of warrior-nobles in feudal Japan who played a significant role in the country's political and military history.

Tokugawa Shogunate

Led by Tokugawa Ieyasu, it brought political stability and cultural development during the Edo period in Japan.

Renaissance

A period of "rebirth" in Europe characterized by a revival in art, philosophy, literature, and education.

Humanism

Central to the Renaissance, it emphasized individualism, critical thinking, and the exploration of human capabilities.

Protestant Reformation

Initiated by Martin Luther, it led to the creation of various Protestant denominations and reshaped the religious landscape of Europe.

Printing Press

Invented by Johannes Gutenberg, it facilitated the spread of Renaissance ideas and knowledge, democratizing access to information.

Age of Exploration

Initiated by explorers like Christopher Columbus, it led to cultural exchange, trade, and the Columbian Exchange between the Old and New Worlds.