Organic Compounds - Chapter 2

Carbon

1) Carbon has 4 valence electrons

2) It always wants 4 more

• bonds with other carbon atoms to form large macromolecules

Ring Molecules

Branched Molecules

Straight Molecules

CHONPS

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur

Monomers

small repeating unit of a polymer

Polymerization

process of making a polymer

Polymer

chain of monomers (macromolecule)

Carbohydrates

the starches and sugars present in foods

C, H, O

elements in carbohydrated are?

Protiens

substances that help build and maintain body cells and tissues

Nucleic Acids

macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

1:2:1

What is the sugar atomic ratio?

Cellulose

A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms

Chitin

A chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility

Monosaccharide

A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.

Disaccharide

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

Polysaccharide

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

Enzymes

What is protiens' catalyst?

• Regulate cell processes

• Transport Substances

• Structural Support (Keratin)

What are the functions of a protien?

C, H, O, N, S

What are the elements found in protiens?

amino acids

what is proteins' monomer?

Polypeptide

a long chain of amino acids

Peptide Bond

the bond between amino acids

Functional

Polypeptides are not _____________ proteins until they form a 3D globular shape.

Primary Structure

The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.

Secondary Structure

The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain.

Tertiary Structure

The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.

Quaternary Structure

The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.

Helix

Something spiral in form.

Denaturation

In proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive. In DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix.

polypeptides

Some proteins are made of 2-4 __________ combined into 3D globular shape.

Shape

_______ determines function

Enzymes

Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things

Catalysts

Chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction.

"ase"

What do enzymes end in?

Energy

Enzymes lower activation __________

Substrates

chemical reactants to which an enzyme binds

Active Site

where the substrate binds to the enzyme

Inhibitors

decrease the activity of enzymes

Competitive

blocks active site

Noncompetitive

bonds somewhere else; but changes shape of the active site

Reused

Enzymes are _______

Nucleic Acids

macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

Nucleic Acids

Function: Stores and communicates genetic information

Nucleic Acids

Examples:

1) Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

2) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

3) Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Nucleotides

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

Nucleotides consist of:

DNA OR RNA

polymer of nucleic acid

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work; has different amounts of groups of sugars, phosphates, & nitrogen bases

Polar

describes a molecule in which the positive and negative charges are separated

Nonpolar

Are lipids polar or nonpolar?

C, H, O, P

Elements found in Lipids are?

Hydrocarbon Chains

composed of covalently linked hydrogens and carbons.

1:2:1

Lipids do not have the ::_ ratio that carbohydrates do. Lipids' ratios can differ and don't follow a pattern.

Triglycerides

an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.

Phospholipids

A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.

Steriods

lipids whose structures resemble chicken-wire fence. include cholesterol and sex hormones

Phospholipid Bilayer

2 layers of phospholipids arranged tail to tail

Lipids

What organic compound is associated with 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acid chains, 1 phosphate group

Cell Membrane

Phospholipid Bilayer is also known as the ______ ___________.

Hydrophobic

Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.

Hydrophilic

water loving