Data Interpretation

Qualitative

Non-numerical, descriptive data.

Quantitative

Numerical data.

Mean

Average

Median

Middle score

Mode

Most frequent score.

Range

Difference between highest and lowest scores.

Standard deviation

Measure of data spread around the mean.

Percentile rank

Score relative to others.

Positive

Tail on the right; mean > median.

Negative

Tail on the left; mean < median.

Bimodal Distribution

Two peaks in data.

Regression to the mean

Extreme scores tend to average out.

Statistical significance

Likelihood results are not due to chance (p < 0.05).

Effect size

Magnitude of a relationship or difference.

Psychodynamic

Unconscious drives and conflicts.

Cognitive

Mental processes (thinking, memory)

Behavioral

Observable behavior and learning

Humanistic

Personal growth and potential

Biological

Brain, genetics, neurotransmitters.

Sociocultural

Social and cultural influences

Evolutionary

Adaptation and survival.

Heredity

Transmission of genetic traits from parents to offspring

Eugenics

Selective breeding to improve genetic quality.

Twin/Family/Adoption studies

Compare genetics vs. environment influences on behavior.