concept 7.4: active transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients

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22 Terms

1
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facilitates diffusion

passive because the solute move down its concentration gradient and the transport requires to energy

2
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active transport

requires energy usually in the form of ATP hydrolysis to move substances against their concentration gradients

3
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describe active transport

requires energy, not spontaneous, +delta G

4
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what proteins are involved in active transport

carrier proteins

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why is active transport good for cells

it enables cells to maintain solute concentrations that differ from the environment

6
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example of active transport

the concentration of potassium ions is higher and concentration of sodium ions is lower inside animal cells than their surroundings so sodium is taken out through a pump while potassium is taken in

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membrane potential

the voltage across a membrane

8
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how is a voltage created in a membrane

by differences in the distribution of positive and negative ions across the membrane

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what is the normal resting membrane potential of a human cell

the inside of the cell is negative relative to the outside

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what is the benefit of having a negatively charged cell

it favors passive transport of cations into the cell and anions out of the cel

11
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what two forces make up if electrochemical gradient

a chemical force and an electrical force

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what does the electrochemical gradient do

drives the diffusion of ions across a membrane

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what is an electrogenic pump

a transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane and stores energy that can be used for cellular work

14
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what electrogenic pumps do animals use

sodium/potassium pump

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what electrogenic pump do plants, fungi, and bacteria have

proton pump

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why is proton pump important

in the generation of ATP by the mitochondria in cellular respiration and chloroplasts in photosynthesis

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cotransport

occurs when active transport of a solute indirectly drives transport of other substances

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what do plant cells use proton pumps do to

they use the pumps to generate an H+ gradient across the cell membrane

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how does a cotransporter go with a proton pump

a cotransporter couples the movement of H+ that is generated from the pumps back down its concentration gradient to the active transport of sucrose into the cell

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how do plants load sucrose to their veins for transport

with a cotransporter

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how do cotransporters differ in animal cells

they are used to couple the active transport of glucose to the diffusion of Na+ into cells lining the intestine

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what role does sodium play in human bodies

sodium in waste is reabsorbed in the colon to maintain a constant level in the body and a rapid drop in sodium (like after diarrhea) it can be life threatening