meat exam 2

yield grades predict cutability

true

swine has 3 muscling scores: A,B, and C

false

hormone-like substances similar to epinephrine and norepinephrine are also known as:

Beta- agonists

what kind of cells provide fibers with added DNA which increases the muscle’s ability to synthesize protein and grow?

satellite cells

an increase in muscle fiber diameter is termed:

hypertrophy

exsanguination is the removal of the viscera from the abdominal cavity

false

an increase in lactic acid is directly related to pH decline in postmortem muscle

true

USDA beef quality grades are commonly used to sort carcasses in order to merchandsize meat

true

if there is too much lactic acid entering into the liver and heart, death may occur due to acidosis

true

US Passed, US Retained and US Condemned are all examples of antemortem inspection

false

longer stun-to-stick intervals may cause ruptured capillaries in muscle; this defect is known as:

blood splash

what is the number one quality defect that meat packers are concerned with?

hide problems

Bos taurus influenced cattle are tougher due to higher concentrations of calpastatin

false

body wall thickness is a yield grade factor

ovine

yield grades US 1-4

porcine

front trotters must be examined to determine skeletal maturity

ovine

quality grades include prime, select and commercial

bovine

utilize dentition to evaluate skeletal maturity

bovine

A, C, and D are maturity groups for this species

bovine

quality grades include acceptable or utility

porcine

% KPH is a yield grade factor

bovine

quality grades include prime, good and cull

ovine

degree of feathering is utilized for part of the quality grade

porcine

muscling scores are identified to calculate yield grades

porcine

flank streaking are utilized for part of the quality grade

ovine

the growth curve of all livestock generally follow a bell-shaped curve

false

which of the following is NOT considered a type of stunning?

physical

swine quality grades are classified within hierarchical grading systems

false

required by law

inspection

funded through tax dollars

inspection

optional resource

grading

paid for by the meat packing plants

grading

considered a USDA program

grading & inspection

staffed by government employees

grading & inspection

which of the following carcass chilling defects is caused by a high accumulation of ATP when muscle is frozen?

thaw rigor

muscles experience rapid glycolysis

PSE

muscle drops to a pH value of 5.2

PSE

muscle pH decline starts at a pH value of 7.4

normal

muscle maintain a high pH postmortem

DFD

muscle drops to pH value of 5.6

normal

antemortem glycogen depletion

DFD

rendering process: 1

raw materials

rendering process: 2

heat processing

rendering process: 3

press

rendering process: 4

protein

rendering process: 5

grading

inspection of the carcass for feces, milk or ingesta is also called:

zero tolerance

dentition is checked to determine what SRM’s must be removed from their carcass; specifically, cattle __ months or older

30 months

proteolytic degradation eventually will break all proteins in meat down to increase tenderness

false

the pluck consists of the heart, lungs, and esophagus

false

positive and negatively charged groups are equal; this is known as the isoelectric point of meat, with a value of 5.6

false

the head of an animal is removed between the atlas and axis joint

false

the “four D’s” of antemortem inspection include all of the following except:

distress

which of the following cuts of pork is NOT considered a primal?

Belly

what is the layer of oil, dirt, and epidermal cells that accumulate on the surface of the skin in hogs during slaughter called?

scurf

renderers may be located in a packing plant or may be in an independent plant

true

PSE product has an increased water holding capacity, leading to a juicier product after cooking

false

the __ is used to hang a lamb carcass on the rail

a-frame

Paylean, optaflex and zilmax are all examples of __, hormone-like substances approved for swine and cattle

beta-agonists

muscle temperature decreases immediately postmortem

false

__ is the molecular, biochemical, and morphological events that occur during the formation of muscle fibers

myogenesis

what segment of the industry is known as the “invisible industry”?

rendering

as an animal increases in age, which of the following does NOT happen to the quality of that carcass?

whiter fat

dry aging is a type of conditioning in which carcasses or cuts of meat are exposed to the elements in a controlled environment to increase tenderness

true

defect: blood splash

short-term stress

defect: dark cutters

long-term stress

defect: hump height

genetics- bos indicus cattle

defect: yellow fat

forage- based diet

defect: calloused muscle

healed injury

defect: blue backs

age/ muturity

defect: a-framed ribeye

genetics- dairy influence

glycogen remains in muscle postmortem because of the loss of the circulatroy system

false

what is the primary method utilized to determine the age of the animal in the beef industry?

dentition

Dr. Temple Grandin, well known for animal welfare and handling, believes all animals should have freedom from two things what are they?

fear and pain

which species has the highest dressing percentage?

porcine

which of the following is not a sign of insensibility?

eyes blinking

beef harvest order: beggining

live animal

beef harvest order: 1

antemortem inspection

beef harvest order: 2

immobilization & stunning

beef harvest order: 3

exsanguination

beef harvest order: 4

weasand & head removal

beef harvest order: 5

hide removal

beef harvest order: 6

bunging & evisceration

beef harvest order: 7

electrical stimulation

beef harvest order: 8

splitting

beef harvest order: 9

final trim & postmortem inspection

beef harvest order: 10

chilling

beef harvest order: ending

cooler

which step of ritualistic harvest differs from that of traditional harvest steps?

stunning

rigor phase: begins to lose extensibility

onset phase

rigor phase: proteolytic degradation

resolution phase

rigor phase: ATP is near depletion

delay phase

rigor phase: 100% actomyosin cross-bridges are formed

completion phase

embryonic myogenesis: 1

multipotent stem cells

embryonic myogenesis: 2

proliferation

embryonic myogenesis: 3

presumptive myoblasts

embryonic myogenesis: 4

fusion

embryonic myogenesis: 5

myotubes

embryonic myogenesis: 6

myofibers