PSYC 104 Chapter 5- Learning

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34 Terms

1

Learning

A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

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2

Associative Learning

Learning that involves associating two events.

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3

Classical Conditioning

Learning to associate two stimuli, such as a tone and food.

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4

Operant Conditioning

Learning to associate a behavior with its consequences.

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5

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A stimulus that naturally triggers a response, such as food.

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6

Unconditioned Response (UR)

The natural response to the unconditioned stimulus, like salivation.

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7

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A stimulus that initially produces no specific response.

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8

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Previously the neutral stimulus, which now triggers a conditioned response.

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9

Conditioned Response (CR)

A learned response to the conditioned stimulus.

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10

Acquisition

The initial stage when the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus.

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11

Extinction

The weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response when the CS is presented without the US.

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12

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of the conditioned response after a period of extinction.

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13

Stimulus Generalization

The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.

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14

Stimulus Discrimination

The learned ability to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus and other stimuli.

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15

Taste Aversion

A learned avoidance of a specific food or taste that has been associated with illness.

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16

Law of Effect

Behaviors followed by favorable consequences are more likely to be repeated.

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17

Operant Chamber (Skinner Box)

An enclosure used to study animal behavior by providing rewards for specific actions.

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18

Reinforcer

Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.

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19

Primary Reinforcer

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as food or water.

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20

Conditioned Reinforcer (Secondary Reinforcer)

A stimulus that gains its power through association with a primary reinforcer.

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21

Immediate Reinforcer

Occurs instantly after a behavior, reinforcing that behavior immediately.

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22

Delayed Reinforcer

A reward that is received after some time has passed, like a monthly paycheck.

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23

Positive Punishment

Administering an aversive stimulus to decrease a behavior.

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24

Negative Punishment

Withdrawing a desirable stimulus to decrease a behavior.

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25

Observational Learning

Learning by observing and imitating others.

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26

Mirror Neurons

Neurons that activate when observing others performing an action, aiding in imitation.

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27

Biological Constraints

The concept that some associations are easier to learn due to biological relevance.

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28

Cognitive Processes

The mental processes that enable prediction of events based on experiences.

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29

Classical Conditioning: Example

Pavlov's dog experiment, where dogs salivate in response to a tone.

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30

Operant Conditioning: Example

Skinner's experiments demonstrating reinforcement of behavior in animals.

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31

Applications of Classical Conditioning

Used in contexts like drug addiction and advertising to elicit emotional responses.

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32

Punishment Effects

Negative impacts resulting from punishment such as fear or aggression.

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33

Observational Learning: Bobo Doll

Bandura's experiment showing children learn aggression by watching others.

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34

Cognitive Maps

Mental representations that help in predicting events based on prior experiences.

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