Chapter 13, 14, 15

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153 Terms

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First Impressions
* Less Than 30 seconds to form one
* Can be very accurate but not always
* Very Persistent
* Ignore Contradictory Information
* Take long time to change “wrong impression”
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Halo Effect
Judgement based on one characteristic of a person (negative or positive)
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Attributions
Judgement about cause of a person’s behavior
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Internal Attributions
An inner trait or characteristic that made them act a certain way
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Situational Attributions
The cause of a behavior being the enviroment
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Fundamental Attribution Error
Tendency to give other peoples behavior as internal attribution enven if situtational attribution calls for it
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Actor-Observor Bias
We view our behavior and others very differently, situational attribution for worse behavior and internal attribution for good behavior
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Just-World Beliefs
Good things happen to good people and bad things to bad people
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Prejudice
Negative assessment of another person based on his/her membership to a group
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Stereotypes
Set of traits associated with a group
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Discrimination
Unfair behavior towards a person based on stereotyping and prejudice
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Prejudice is Universal
* May influence how we feel about others subconciously or consciously
* May not necessarily influence how we treat them
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Reducing Prejudice
* Contact between people of equal standing
* Participation in cooperative activity
* Robber’s Cave Study
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Reducing Prejudice
* Education
* Prejudice education and how it can influence behavior
* Brown Eyes - Blue Eyes Project
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Attitudes
Positive or negative feeling towards objects, persons, or situation

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* Formation
* Personal Experience
* Other’s Experience
* Operant Conditioning
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Cognitive Dissonance
Uncomfortable state that occurs when behavior and attitude do not match, can be resolved through attitude change
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Social Norms
Unwritten rules for behavior in social setting
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Conformity
Matching your behavior or apperance to the percieved social norms

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* Asch Line Study // Asch Conformity
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Stanford // Zimbardo Prison Study
* Volunters: White Young Men
* 2 Gaurds took their role to seriously and chaos ensues
* Femal partner asks Zimbardo to end it because he was blind to the damage
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Obedience
Do as others command
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Compliance
Do as others want
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Conformity
Do as others do
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Compliance
No authority is used, you do something another person asks of you

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* Want to be agreeable
* Want to get along
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Obedience
Compliance with the request of an authority figure

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* Milgram Obedience Study
* Understand actions of normal people in Nazi Germany
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Ethics Issue Milgram // Zimbardo
* Informed consent not observed
* Listed out all actions to be committed on subjects
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Power of One
An individual or small group can influence a larger one

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* Must Display
* Confidence
* Consistency
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Social Facilitation
Observers of a performance changes the result of performance

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* Well Practiced = Improved with audience
* Novel / Complex = Worse with audience
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Social Loafing
Reduce motivation and effect shown by individuals working in a group
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Deindividuation
* Immersion of individual within a group, feels anonymous
* Leads to contrary behavior for individuals in a group
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Bystander Effect
* Large group of people = Less likely for individuals to do anything
* Diffusion of Responsibility
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Kitty Genoverse
* Her death led to 911 system and study of Bystander Effect
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Proximity
Physical closeness to other person
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Exposure Effect
Consistent exposure leads to familiarity and liking
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Similarities
Shared values
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Physical Apperance
* Preference for attractive faces
* Symmetrical Faces
* Effects initial attraction but is not important for long term
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Matching Hypothesis
Matching levels of attractiveness gravitate towards each other
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Resource Exchange
In heterosexual dating, male trades occupational status for physical attractiveness in females
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Reciprocal Liking
Like people more when other people like us
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Similarity
Drawn to those with similar qualities
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Desirable Personality Traits
* Warmth
* Good sense of humor
* Social Assertiveness
* Good Communication
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Relationship Maintenance
Actions and activites used to sustain the desired quality of a relationship
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Interdependence or Social Exchange Theory
If cost for being in a relationship is lower than benefit the relationship lasts
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Intimacy (Sternberg)
Warmth, closeness, and sharing
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Passions (Sternberg)
Intense feeling (positive/negative), sexual desire
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Commitment
Intent / decision to stay in relationship
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Ultimate Type of Love
Consummate Love

* All 3 ingredients
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Sternberg’s Triangular Theory
knowt flashcard image
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Criteria for Abnormal Behavior
1) Deviance

2) Maladaptive Behavior

3) Personal Distress

4) Dangerousness
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Deviance
The behavior must be significantly differnt from what society deems appopriate
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Maladaptive Behavior
The behavior interferes with the person’s ability to function
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Personal Distress
The behavior is troubling to the individual
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Dangerousness
The behavior could cause harm to oneself or others
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
* Worried about everything and anything possible
* No clear trigger for Anxiety
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Panic Attack
Not a disorder but a symptom of a possible disorder

* 10 minute peak of intense discomfort, with four or more symptoms
* Chest Pain
* Sweating
* Palpitations
* Fear of Death
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Panic Disorder
* Recurring and Unexpected Panic Attacks
* Followed by 1 month or more of
* Concern about having another
* Maladaptive change in behavior to aviod Panic Attack
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Phobias
* Unrealistic/Overexaggerated fears of an object or situation
* Clear Trigger that causes anxiety or even attack
* Aviodance behavior towards trigger
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Agoraphobia
* Fear of the marketplace, populated places
* Avoidance behavior
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Social Anxiety Behavior
Social or performance situation causes anxiety or even attacks due to potiental embarrasment
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Specific Phobia
Marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
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Animal Type Phobia
Dogs, Cats, Spiders
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Blood-Injection-Injury Type Phobia
Own blood or others, injury, and needle

* Faint on exposure
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Natural Enviroment Type Phobia
Heights, storms
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Situational Type Phobia
Flying, driving over bridges
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Anxiety Sensitivity Theory
People are more sensitive to internal physiological symptoms of anxiety and overreact with fear when they occur
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Classical Conditioning
Acquisition of phobic fear
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Operant Conditioning
Negative reinforcement through aviodance, person feels less anxious
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Obsessed with certain though, image, idea, or urges uncontrolled

* Compulsions: Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that a person feels must be performed (about an hour a day)
* Level of Insight: Does patient understand that their behavior is drastic or do they think it’s normal
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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Must experience Level 1 trauma, actual or threatened death / injury / or sexual assault

* 14% of Combat Soilders
* Women have higher rate because of SA
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Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
* Depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure
* Must last 2 weeks or longer


* 16% of population
* More common in Women, however may be caused by societal expectations
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MDD Causes
* Biological Factors
* Genetic Disposition
* Biochemical Factors
* Cognitive Factors
* Negative Thinking
* Interpersonal Issues
* Poor social skills
* Precipitating Stress
* Pre-existing stressor in life
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Anxiety Disorder Causes
* Biological Factors
* Genetics
* Anxiety Sensitivity Theory
* Past Experience/Conditioning & Learning
* Classical Conditioning
* Operant Conditioning
* Cognitive Factors
* Misinterpret harmless situations as threatening
* Focus excess attention on perceived threats
* Selective recall information that seems threatening
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Manic Episode
Lasts atleast 1 week, abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood

* Symptom of Bipolar disorder
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Bipolar I Disorder
* Atleast one manic episodes at any point in life
* Do not need to have depression to be diagnosed
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Bipolar II Disorder
* Hypomanic episodes, less intense than manic
* Never had manic episode
* Needs to have depressive episodes
* Most destressing flipping back and forth between two
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Bipolar Disorder Causes
* Genetic Predisposition
* VERY strongly tied to genetics
* Biochemical Factors
* Low serotonin activity
* Stress
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Suicide
Each Day

* 126 people commit
* 2,000 attempt

Women attempt 2x to 3x more often

Men 4x more likely ‘

* 78.8% of suicides are Male
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Risks of Suicide
* Previous Attempts
* Family History of Suicide
* Depression
* Substance Use
* 1/3 Alcohol in System
* 1/4 Legally Drunk
* Access to Firearms
* 5x more likely with gun in home
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Anorexia Nervosa
* Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight
* Undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evalution
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Restricting Type
Place severe restrictions on the quantity and type of food they consume
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Binge-Eating/Purging Type
Consume a large amount of calories or food, then self-induce vomitting or laxiative
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Anorexia Side Effects
* Cold intolerance
* Cardiovascular Problems
* Death
* 18-20% of people with the condition will die of it
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Bulimia Nervosa
* Recurrent episodes of binge eating
* Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior
* Vomiting
* Misuse of laxatives
* Fasting
* Occurs Regularly
* About once a week for 3 weeks
* Body image important for self-esteem
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Bulimia Side Effect
* Significant and permanent loss of dental enamel
* Increase frequency of dental cavities
* Gastric Rupture
* Dependence on laxatives
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Eating Disorder Causes
* Learning Factors
* Unhealthy weight management behaviors
* Cognitive/Social Factors
* Misperception of body shape/size
* Too much importance on weight
* Need for control (Anorexia)
* Difficulty controlling negative emotions (Bulimia)
* Role of Media
* Thin ideal internalization
* Pressure to be thin in our society
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Schizophrenia
* Significant impairment in functioning
* Continuous signs of impairment for atleast 6 months
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Schizophrenia Cause
* Genetic vulnerability
* Neurochemical factors
* Excess activity of Dopamine
* Structural Abnormalities in Brain
* Enlarged ventricles
* Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis
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Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis
Schizophrenia as being the result of a disruption of brain development

* Prenatal exposure to a flu virus
* Severe famine
* Birth trauma
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Personality Disorders
* Enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from expectations
* Pattern leads to clinically significant distress
* Pattern is stable and of long duration, onset in adolescence
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Cluster A
* Schizoid
* Schizotypal
* Paranoid
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Cluster B
* Antisocial
* Borderline
* Histrionic
* Narcissistic
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Cluster C
* Avoidant
* Dependent
* Obsessive-Compulsive
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Cluster B
* Trouble with emotional control and trouble getting along with others
* Dramatic
* Unpredictable
* Impulsive
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
* Pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others
* Failure to conform to social norms
* Reckless disregard for saftey
* Lack of remorse
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Borderline Personality Disorder
* Pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects
* Frantic efforts to aviod real or imagined abandonment
* Chronic feelings of emptiness
* Identity disturbance
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Autism Spectrum Disorder
* Nature of impairment changes with age
* Higher in Males

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Causes of Autism

* 5% of siblings of children with autism are also autistic
* Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis
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ADHD
* Most common psychological disorder of childhood
* 3 to 10 percent of school age children
* Can persist from adolescence to adulthood
* Current causes unknown
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Inattention Type
* Often fails to give close attention to details or make careless mistakes
* Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play
* Is often easily distarcted by extraneous stimuli
* Is often forgetful in daily activities
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Hyperactivity-Impulsive Type
* Often fidgets or taps hands or feet or squirms in seat
* Often leaves seat in situations where remaining seated is expected
* Often has difficulty waiting his or her turn
* Often interrupts or intrudes on other
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Combined Type
Combination of Inattentive Type and Hyperactivity-Impulsive Type
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Pyschotherapy
Improve symptoms of disorder through conversation between patient and therapist