Chapter 13, 14, 15

First Impressions

* Less Than 30 seconds to form one
* Can be very accurate but not always
* Very Persistent
* Ignore Contradictory Information
* Take long time to change “wrong impression”

Halo Effect

Judgement based on one characteristic of a person (negative or positive)

Attributions

Judgement about cause of a person’s behavior

Internal Attributions

An inner trait or characteristic that made them act a certain way

Situational Attributions

The cause of a behavior being the enviroment

Fundamental Attribution Error

Tendency to give other peoples behavior as internal attribution enven if situtational attribution calls for it

Actor-Observor Bias

We view our behavior and others very differently, situational attribution for worse behavior and internal attribution for good behavior

Just-World Beliefs

Good things happen to good people and bad things to bad people

Prejudice

Negative assessment of another person based on his/her membership to a group

Stereotypes

Set of traits associated with a group

Discrimination

Unfair behavior towards a person based on stereotyping and prejudice

Prejudice is Universal

* May influence how we feel about others subconciously or consciously
* May not necessarily influence how we treat them

Reducing Prejudice

* Contact between people of equal standing
* Participation in cooperative activity
* Robber’s Cave Study

Reducing Prejudice

* Education
* Prejudice education and how it can influence behavior
* Brown Eyes - Blue Eyes Project

Attitudes

Positive or negative feeling towards objects, persons, or situation

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* Formation
* Personal Experience
* Other’s Experience
* Operant Conditioning

Cognitive Dissonance

Uncomfortable state that occurs when behavior and attitude do not match, can be resolved through attitude change

Social Norms

Unwritten rules for behavior in social setting

Conformity

Matching your behavior or apperance to the percieved social norms

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* Asch Line Study // Asch Conformity

Stanford // Zimbardo Prison Study

* Volunters: White Young Men
* 2 Gaurds took their role to seriously and chaos ensues
* Femal partner asks Zimbardo to end it because he was blind to the damage

Obedience

Do as others command

Compliance

Do as others want

Conformity

Do as others do

Compliance

No authority is used, you do something another person asks of you

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* Want to be agreeable
* Want to get along

Obedience

Compliance with the request of an authority figure

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* Milgram Obedience Study
* Understand actions of normal people in Nazi Germany

Ethics Issue Milgram // Zimbardo

* Informed consent not observed
* Listed out all actions to be committed on subjects

Power of One

An individual or small group can influence a larger one

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* Must Display
* Confidence
* Consistency

Social Facilitation

Observers of a performance changes the result of performance

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* Well Practiced = Improved with audience
* Novel / Complex = Worse with audience

Social Loafing

Reduce motivation and effect shown by individuals working in a group

Deindividuation

* Immersion of individual within a group, feels anonymous
* Leads to contrary behavior for individuals in a group

Bystander Effect

* Large group of people = Less likely for individuals to do anything
* Diffusion of Responsibility

Kitty Genoverse

* Her death led to 911 system and study of Bystander Effect

Proximity

Physical closeness to other person

Exposure Effect

Consistent exposure leads to familiarity and liking

Similarities

Shared values

Physical Apperance

* Preference for attractive faces
* Symmetrical Faces
* Effects initial attraction but is not important for long term

Matching Hypothesis

Matching levels of attractiveness gravitate towards each other

Resource Exchange

In heterosexual dating, male trades occupational status for physical attractiveness in females

Reciprocal Liking

Like people more when other people like us

Similarity

Drawn to those with similar qualities

Desirable Personality Traits

* Warmth
* Good sense of humor
* Social Assertiveness
* Good Communication

Relationship Maintenance

Actions and activites used to sustain the desired quality of a relationship

Interdependence or Social Exchange Theory

If cost for being in a relationship is lower than benefit the relationship lasts

Intimacy (Sternberg)

Warmth, closeness, and sharing

Passions (Sternberg)

Intense feeling (positive/negative), sexual desire

Commitment

Intent / decision to stay in relationship

Ultimate Type of Love

Consummate Love

* All 3 ingredients

Sternberg’s Triangular Theory

Criteria for Abnormal Behavior

1) Deviance

2) Maladaptive Behavior

3) Personal Distress

4) Dangerousness

Deviance

The behavior must be significantly differnt from what society deems appopriate

Maladaptive Behavior

The behavior interferes with the person’s ability to function

Personal Distress

The behavior is troubling to the individual

Dangerousness

The behavior could cause harm to oneself or others

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

* Worried about everything and anything possible
* No clear trigger for Anxiety

Panic Attack

Not a disorder but a symptom of a possible disorder

* 10 minute peak of intense discomfort, with four or more symptoms
* Chest Pain
* Sweating
* Palpitations
* Fear of Death

Panic Disorder

* Recurring and Unexpected Panic Attacks
* Followed by 1 month or more of
* Concern about having another
* Maladaptive change in behavior to aviod Panic Attack

Phobias

* Unrealistic/Overexaggerated fears of an object or situation
* Clear Trigger that causes anxiety or even attack
* Aviodance behavior towards trigger

Agoraphobia

* Fear of the marketplace, populated places
* Avoidance behavior

Social Anxiety Behavior

Social or performance situation causes anxiety or even attacks due to potiental embarrasment

Specific Phobia

Marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger

Animal Type Phobia

Dogs, Cats, Spiders

Blood-Injection-Injury Type Phobia

Own blood or others, injury, and needle

* Faint on exposure

Natural Enviroment Type Phobia

Heights, storms

Situational Type Phobia

Flying, driving over bridges

Anxiety Sensitivity Theory

People are more sensitive to internal physiological symptoms of anxiety and overreact with fear when they occur

Classical Conditioning

Acquisition of phobic fear

Operant Conditioning

Negative reinforcement through aviodance, person feels less anxious

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Obsessed with certain though, image, idea, or urges uncontrolled

* Compulsions: Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that a person feels must be performed (about an hour a day)
* Level of Insight: Does patient understand that their behavior is drastic or do they think it’s normal

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Must experience Level 1 trauma, actual or threatened death / injury / or sexual assault

* 14% of Combat Soilders
* Women have higher rate because of SA

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

* Depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure
* Must last 2 weeks or longer


* 16% of population
* More common in Women, however may be caused by societal expectations

MDD Causes

* Biological Factors
* Genetic Disposition
* Biochemical Factors
* Cognitive Factors
* Negative Thinking
* Interpersonal Issues
* Poor social skills
* Precipitating Stress
* Pre-existing stressor in life

Anxiety Disorder Causes

* Biological Factors
* Genetics
* Anxiety Sensitivity Theory
* Past Experience/Conditioning & Learning
* Classical Conditioning
* Operant Conditioning
* Cognitive Factors
* Misinterpret harmless situations as threatening
* Focus excess attention on perceived threats
* Selective recall information that seems threatening

Manic Episode

Lasts atleast 1 week, abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood

* Symptom of Bipolar disorder

Bipolar I Disorder

* Atleast one manic episodes at any point in life
* Do not need to have depression to be diagnosed

Bipolar II Disorder

* Hypomanic episodes, less intense than manic
* Never had manic episode
* Needs to have depressive episodes
* Most destressing flipping back and forth between two

Bipolar Disorder Causes

* Genetic Predisposition
* VERY strongly tied to genetics
* Biochemical Factors
* Low serotonin activity
* Stress

Suicide

Each Day

* 126 people commit
* 2,000 attempt

Women attempt 2x to 3x more often

Men 4x more likely ‘

* 78.8% of suicides are Male

Risks of Suicide

* Previous Attempts
* Family History of Suicide
* Depression
* Substance Use
* 1/3 Alcohol in System
* 1/4 Legally Drunk
* Access to Firearms
* 5x more likely with gun in home

Anorexia Nervosa

* Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight
* Undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evalution

Restricting Type

Place severe restrictions on the quantity and type of food they consume

Binge-Eating/Purging Type

Consume a large amount of calories or food, then self-induce vomitting or laxiative

Anorexia Side Effects

* Cold intolerance
* Cardiovascular Problems
* Death
* 18-20% of people with the condition will die of it

Bulimia Nervosa

* Recurrent episodes of binge eating
* Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior
* Vomiting
* Misuse of laxatives
* Fasting
* Occurs Regularly
* About once a week for 3 weeks
* Body image important for self-esteem

Bulimia Side Effect

* Significant and permanent loss of dental enamel
* Increase frequency of dental cavities
* Gastric Rupture
* Dependence on laxatives

Eating Disorder Causes

* Learning Factors
* Unhealthy weight management behaviors
* Cognitive/Social Factors
* Misperception of body shape/size
* Too much importance on weight
* Need for control (Anorexia)
* Difficulty controlling negative emotions (Bulimia)
* Role of Media
* Thin ideal internalization
* Pressure to be thin in our society

Schizophrenia

* Significant impairment in functioning
* Continuous signs of impairment for atleast 6 months

Schizophrenia Cause

* Genetic vulnerability
* Neurochemical factors
* Excess activity of Dopamine
* Structural Abnormalities in Brain
* Enlarged ventricles
* Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis

Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis

Schizophrenia as being the result of a disruption of brain development

* Prenatal exposure to a flu virus
* Severe famine
* Birth trauma

Personality Disorders

* Enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from expectations
* Pattern leads to clinically significant distress
* Pattern is stable and of long duration, onset in adolescence

Cluster A

* Schizoid
* Schizotypal
* Paranoid

Cluster B

* Antisocial
* Borderline
* Histrionic
* Narcissistic

Cluster C

* Avoidant
* Dependent
* Obsessive-Compulsive

Cluster B

* Trouble with emotional control and trouble getting along with others
* Dramatic
* Unpredictable
* Impulsive

Antisocial Personality Disorder

* Pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others
* Failure to conform to social norms
* Reckless disregard for saftey
* Lack of remorse

Borderline Personality Disorder

* Pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects
* Frantic efforts to aviod real or imagined abandonment
* Chronic feelings of emptiness
* Identity disturbance

Autism Spectrum Disorder

* Nature of impairment changes with age
* Higher in Males

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Causes of Autism

* 5% of siblings of children with autism are also autistic
* Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis

ADHD

* Most common psychological disorder of childhood
* 3 to 10 percent of school age children
* Can persist from adolescence to adulthood
* Current causes unknown

Inattention Type

* Often fails to give close attention to details or make careless mistakes
* Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play
* Is often easily distarcted by extraneous stimuli
* Is often forgetful in daily activities

Hyperactivity-Impulsive Type

* Often fidgets or taps hands or feet or squirms in seat
* Often leaves seat in situations where remaining seated is expected
* Often has difficulty waiting his or her turn
* Often interrupts or intrudes on other

Combined Type

Combination of Inattentive Type and Hyperactivity-Impulsive Type

Pyschotherapy

Improve symptoms of disorder through conversation between patient and therapist