U6: Motivation and Emotion

Drive theory

the belief that behavior is motivated by drives that arise from biological needs that demand satisfaction

Cognitive consistency theory

cognitive inconsistencies create tension and thus motivate the organism

Festinger's cognitive dissonance

You buy something and have buyers remorse. You regret it. Ex. Someone says similar product is better after you've already made a purchase.

Arousal theory

A theory of motivation suggesting that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation.

Yerkes-Dodson law

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Incentive theory

A theory of motivation stating that behavior is directed toward attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli.

Extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

Intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Self determination theory

a theory of motivation that is concerned with the beneficial effects of intrinsic motivation and the harmful effects of extrinsic motivation

Sensation seeking theory

A theory that proposes that one's level of need for varied or novel experiences is the basis of motivation

Overjustification effect

The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task.

Lateral hypothalamus

The part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals

Ventromedial hypothalamus

The part of the hypothalamus that produces feelings of fullness as opposed to hunger, and causes one to stop eating.

Ghrelin

A hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach

Orexin

hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus

Short-term hunger cues

irritability or a headache, stomach growling or rumbling, low energy levels, dizziness, difficulty concentrating, shakiness, increased appetite/cravings for certain foods, etc.

Long-term hunger cues

involves the hormone leptin, which signals satiety and reduces food intake as body fat increases. Other hormones like ghrelin, which promotes hunger, also play a role, but leptin is the key player in long-term regulation.

Leptin

hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used

Instrumental vs. hostile aggression

Instrumental aggression is the intentional use of harmful behavior so that one can achieve some other goal. Hostile aggression has the sole goal of causing injury or death to the victim.

Human sexual response cycle

the stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity

Anorexia and bulimia comparison

Individuals with bulimia nervosa can be slightly underweight, normal weight, overweight or even obese. If they are significantly underweight however, they are considered to have anorexia nervosa binge-eating/purging type not bulimia nervosa

Estrogens

sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity

Androgens

male sex hormones

Affiliation motive

the need to be with others

Achievement motive

the need to master difficult challenges, to outperform others, and to meet high standards of excellence

Lewin's Approach-Approach Conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose between two attractive alternatives

Lewin's Approach-Avoidance Conflict

conflict occurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects

Lewin's Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose between two distasteful alternatives

Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict

A conflict in which one must choose between options that have both many attractive and many negative aspects.

James-Lange theory

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

Cannon-Bard theory

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

Schachter's cognitive theory

states that emotions occur when physical arousal is labeled or interpreted on the basis of experience and situational cues

Fredrickson's Broaden-and-build theory of emotion

experiencing positive emotions broadens an individual's immediate thought-action repertoire, which in turn builds their enduring personal resources

Display rules

cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions

Elicitors

A molecule that induces a broad type of host defense response