Abdominal Assessment, GI, Hepatic, and Pancreatic Systems(unit 4 lecture)

studied byStudied by 0 people
0.0(0)
learn
LearnA personalized and smart learning plan
exam
Practice TestTake a test on your terms and definitions
spaced repetition
Spaced RepetitionScientifically backed study method
heart puzzle
Matching GameHow quick can you match all your cards?
flashcards
FlashcardsStudy terms and definitions

1 / 20

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.

21 Terms

1
  • Digestive Process Overview

  • Digestion begins in the oral cavity.

  • Absorption occurs primarily in the small intestine.

  • Water reabsorption happens in the large intestine.

<ul><li><p>Digestion begins in the oral cavity.</p></li><li><p>Absorption occurs primarily in the small intestine.</p></li><li><p>Water reabsorption happens in the large intestine.</p></li></ul><p></p>
New cards
2

Key processes in digestion:

  • Teeth chew food.

  • Saliva dissolves and moistens food.

  • Salivary glands secrete amylase, converting starch to maltose.

  • Peristalsis propels food through the esophagus to the stomach.

New cards
3

Stomach Functions

  • Uses gastric acids to break food into a liquid called chyme.

  • Pyloric sphincter regulates chyme movement into the duodenum.

<ul><li><p>Uses gastric acids to break food into a liquid called chyme.</p></li><li><p>Pyloric sphincter regulates chyme movement into the duodenum.</p></li></ul><p></p>
New cards
4

Nutrient absorption order:

  • Carbohydrates (most readily absorbed)

  • Proteins

  • Fats

New cards
5
New cards
6

Small Intestine

  • Duodenum (First 10 inches): Entry point for the common bile duct and pancreatic duct.

  • Jejunum (~8 feet): Major site of digestion and absorption.

  • Ileum (~11 feet): Nutrient absorption.

New cards
7
New cards
8

Large Intestine

  • 5 feet long.

  • Functions: Stores and eliminates indigestible material.

New cards
9

Accessory Organs

  • liver

  • spleen

  • Gallbladder

  • Pancreas

New cards
10

Liver

Largest internal organ, located in the right upper quadrant (RUQ), protected by the rib cage.

New cards
11

Functions of the liver

  • Produces bile to emulsify fats.

  • Stores vitamins and minerals.

  • Detoxifies chemicals and filters blood.

  • Stores glycogen, releases it as needed.

  • Produces clotting factors.

  • Regulates blood nutrients.

  • Blood supply:

    • Hepatic artery brings oxygen-rich blood.

    • Hepatic portal vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the GI tract.

New cards
12

Gallbladder

  • Small organ beneath the liver.

  • Stores bile produced by the liver and releases it into the duodenum in response to fatty foods.

  • Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates bile release.

New cards
13

Pancreas

  • Location: Behind the stomach, in the upper left quadrant (LUQ).

  • Functions:

    • Exocrine: Releases digestive enzymes:

      • Amylase (starch digestion)

      • Lipase (fat digestion)

      • Trypsin (protein digestion)

    • Endocrine: Secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar.

New cards
14

Spleen

  • Located in the LUQ, near the liver.

  • Functions:

    • Filters red blood cells.

    • Produces white blood cells (lymphocytes) to fight infections.

New cards
15

Aging and the GI System

  • Slower metabolism of drugs, increasing toxicity risk.

  • Increased risk of gallstones.

  • Tooth enamel hardens, increasing difficulty in chewing.

  • Decreased saliva production, increasing periodontal disease risk.

  • Esophageal motility declines, increasing risk of aspiration.

  • Slower stomach emptying, leading to early satiety.

  • Decreased hydrochloric acid affects digestion.

  • Fat absorption slows down.

  • Weakening of rectal elasticity, contributing to constipation.

New cards
16

Abdominal Assessment (History Taking)

History Taking

  • Present health: Any chronic conditions?

  • Symptoms: Pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, indigestion.

  • Bowel habits: Frequency, color, consistency, recent changes.

  • Dietary habits: Appetite changes, weight loss/gain.

  • Risk factors: Travel, smoking, alcohol use.

  • Family history: GI diseases, hepatitis, cancer.

New cards
17

Abdominal Assessment

  1. Inspection

    • Normal: Smooth, even tone, symmetrical.

    • Unexpected: Lesions, bruising, jaundice, distension.

    • Striae:

      • Pink/purple: Recent stretching (weight gain, ascites).

      • Silver/white: Older scarring.

  2. Auscultation

    • Normoactive: 5-34 sounds/min.

    • Hyperactive (>34/min): Associated with diarrhea.

    • Hypoactive (<5/min): Associated with constipation or post-op.

    • Absent sounds (5 mins of listening): Possible obstruction or ileus.

    • Bruits: Swishing sounds indicating vascular abnormalities.

  3. Palpation

    • Light palpation (~1 inch deep).

    • Expected: Non-tender, relaxed.

    • Unexpected:

      • Rigidity or guarding → Possible inflammation.

      • Tenderness or masses → Further evaluation needed.

New cards
18

Health Promotion

  • Exercise: At least 30 minutes/day to improve peristalsis and reduce stress.

  • High-fiber diet: Promotes GI health.

  • Adequate hydration: 8-10 glasses of water daily.

  • Routine screening:

    • Colonoscopy starting at age 45, then every 10 years.

    • Fecal occult blood test (FOBT) to detect hidden blood.

New cards
19

Diagnostic Tests

  • CBC: Checks for infection or anemia.

  • Electrolytes: Imbalances from vomiting/diarrhea.

  • Liver function tests (LFTs):

    • ALT, AST, albumin, bilirubin.

  • Stool tests:

    • FOBT (blood in stool).

    • Steatorrhea (fat in stool).

  • Imaging:

    • X-rays, CT scans, endoscopy, colonoscopy.

    • Barium swallow (NPO before, white stool after).

<ul><li><p>CBC: Checks for infection or anemia.</p></li><li><p>Electrolytes: Imbalances from vomiting/diarrhea.</p></li><li><p>Liver function tests (LFTs):</p><ul><li><p>ALT, AST, albumin, bilirubin.</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Stool tests:</p><ul><li><p>FOBT (blood in stool).</p></li><li><p>Steatorrhea (fat in stool).</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Imaging:</p><ul><li><p>X-rays, CT scans, endoscopy, colonoscopy.</p></li><li><p>Barium swallow (NPO before, white stool after).</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
New cards
20

Enteral Nutrition

  • Used when oral intake is insufficient.

  • Methods:

    • NG tube, OG tube, PEG tube.

  • Nursing Considerations:

    • Keep Head of bed elevated (30-45°) to reduce aspiration risk.

    • Check placement before use.

    • Flush with water before and after feedings/medications.

    • Monitor for complications: Obstruction, bloating, aspiration.

<ul><li><p>Used when oral intake is insufficient.</p></li><li><p>Methods:</p><ul><li><p>NG tube, OG tube, PEG tube.</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>Nursing Considerations:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Keep Head of bed elevated (30-45°) to reduce aspiration risk.</p></li><li><p>Check placement before use.</p></li><li><p>Flush with water before and after feedings/medications.</p></li><li><p>Monitor for complications: Obstruction, bloating, aspiration.</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
New cards
21

Nasogastric (NG) Tube Uses

  • Decompression (removing gas/fluid).

  • Lavage (removing toxins).

  • Diagnostics (gastric fluid sampling).

  • Nutrition/hydration.

  • Medication administration.

  • Post-surgical healing.

<ul><li><p>Decompression (removing gas/fluid).</p></li><li><p>Lavage (removing toxins).</p></li><li><p>Diagnostics (gastric fluid sampling).</p></li><li><p>Nutrition/hydration.</p></li><li><p>Medication administration.</p></li><li><p>Post-surgical healing.</p></li></ul><p></p>
New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 64 people
213 days ago
4.7(3)
note Note
studied byStudied by 26 people
891 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 25 people
514 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 4 people
688 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 16 people
903 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 10 people
760 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 67 people
701 days ago
5.0(4)
note Note
studied byStudied by 44 people
758 days ago
5.0(3)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (92)
studied byStudied by 11 people
841 days ago
4.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (116)
studied byStudied by 10 people
800 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (43)
studied byStudied by 15 people
3 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (57)
studied byStudied by 17 people
750 days ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (40)
studied byStudied by 2 people
177 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (71)
studied byStudied by 42 people
385 days ago
5.0(4)
flashcards Flashcard (82)
studied byStudied by 41 people
88 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (222)
studied byStudied by 29 people
646 days ago
5.0(1)
robot