NUTR chapter 3 REV

Dietary carbohydrates include:

Sugars, Starch, Fiber

Sugars are considered as:

Monosaccharides (single sugars), Disaccharides (double sugras)

Starch and fiber are considered as:

Polysaccharides (chains of monosaccharide units)

All of these carbohydrates (sugar, fiber, starch) are composed of single sugar ___:

Glucose

The three important monosaccharides in nutrition:

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Most cells depend on ___ for fuel as well as the brain and rest of the nervous system:

Glucose

___ is the sweetest of the sugars:

Fructose

Which monosaccharides are most common in nature?

Glucose and Fructose

Which monosaccharide occurs mostly as part of lactose?

Galactose

Which disaccharide is also known as milk sugar?

Lactose

Disaccharides are:

Pairs of single sugars linked together

Three important disaccharides important in nutrition:

Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose

The three main disaccharides contain ___ as one of their single sugars:

Glucose

Maltose is made up of glucose and ___:

Glucose

Sucrose is made up of glucose and ___:

Fructose

Lactose is made up of glucose and ___:

Galactose

Which disaccharide is known as “table sugar”?

Sucrose

Which disaccharide is the principal carbohydrate of milk?

Lactose

Which disaccharide is a plant sugar that consists of two glucose units?

Maltose

__ is produced whenever starch breaks down:

Maltose

Polysaccharides are composed almost entirely of?

Glucose

Three important polysaccharides of nutrition:

Glycogen, Starch, Fibers

Which polysaccharide is the storage form of energy for humans and animals?

Glycogen

Which polysaccharide is the storage form of energy for plants?

Starch

Which polysaccharide provides structure in stems, trunks, roots, leaves, and skins of plants?

Fiber

Glycogen molecules are made of chains of glucose that are ___:

Branched

Starch molecules are made of chains of glucose that are ___:

Occasionally branched/ unbranched

The human stores much of its glucose as glycogen in the ___ and ___:

Liver, Muscles

Which polysaccharide is the structural part of plants?

Fiber

Which polysaccharide is composed of bonds that the digestive system cannot break?

Fiber

Why does fiber provide little or no energy?

Digestive enzymes cannot break the bonds of fiber

Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, gums, and mucilages, as well as nonpolysaccharide lignins are all included under the ___ umbrella?

Fiber

What starches escape digestion and absorption in the small intestine?

Resistant starches

What do resistant starches do?

Resist digestion and absorption in the small intestine

What process can generate some absorbable products that can yield energy when metabolized?

Bacterial fermentation of fibers

How much energy can food fibers produce after fermentation?

1.5 to 1.5 kCalories/gram

What are soluble fibers?

Fibers that dissolve in water

What do soluble fibers do?

Add a pleasing consistency

What are insoluble fibers?

Fibers that do not dissolve in water

What salivary enzyme begins digestion?

Amylase

Maltase, Sucrase, and Lactase are all examples of?

Disaccharide enzymes

What do the disaccharide enzymes on the surface of the small intestinal cells do?

Hydrolyze the disaccharides into monosaccharides (Breaks them down into main components)

Bacterial enzymes digest soluble fibers at which part of the body?

Large intestine

What do the bacterial enzymes produce during digestion?

Short-chain fatty acids