Complete Renaissance and Reformation Review

These flashcards cover key terms, definitions, and questions related to the Renaissance and Reformation, designed to help students review and prepare for their exam.

Jan Van Eyck

Famous for his oil paintings and detailed realism in art.

Renaissance

A cultural movement celebrating individual achievement and new interest in Ancient Greco-Roman civilization.

Humanism

A rational philosophy informed by science, inspired by art, and motivated by compassion.

Northern Italy

The region where the Renaissance began.

Medici family

Wealthy patrons of the arts, making Florence a cultural center.

Desiderus Erasmus

Famous for translating the New Testament into Greek.

Renaissance Art

Characterized by perspective, light and shading, nature, and realistic depictions of people.

Michaelangelo

Artist who painted the Sistine Chapel.

Printing Press

A machine that transfers text and images from movable type to paper.

Johannes Gutenberg

Credited for the creation of the Printing Press.

Impact of the Printing Press

Revolutionized access to ideas, made the Bible more available, and promoted literacy.

Vernacular

The native language spoken by the people, important for accessibility of texts during the Renaissance.

Huss’ impact on the Reformation

Early reform attempts, criticized church excesses and called for accountability.

Causes of the Protestant Reformation

Schism, Inquisition, Reconquista, and demand for church-state separation.

Effects of the Protestant Reformation

Led to different branches of Christianity emerging from Catholicism.

95 Theses

Luther's criticisms of indulgences and church corruption intended for reform.

Key beliefs of Martin Luther

Salvation by grace through faith, the Bible as the sole authority.

Diet of Worms

Assembly where Luther defended his views and was declared an outlaw.

Peace of Augsburg

Resolution allowing princes to determine religion of their region.

St. Ignatius of Loyola

Founded the Jesuits to reform the Catholic Church through education.

King Henry VIII

Broke from the Catholic Church to form the Church of England.

Katherine of Aragon

Henry VIII's first wife, divorced for not producing a male heir.

Anne Boleyn

Second wife of Henry VIII, executed on charges of adultery.

Queen Mary I

Leader of England, sought to restore Catholicism, executed Protestants.

Bloody Mary

Nickname for Queen Mary I due to her persecution of Protestants.

Queen Elizabeth I

Ruled peacefully and prosperously, known as 'Gloriana.'

Dante Alighiere

Wrote 'The Inferno' in 1304.

Niccolo Machiavelli

Wrote 'The Prince' in 1513.

Martin Luther

Posted the 95 Theses in 1517.

Act of Supremacy

1534 act giving Henry VIII the title of 'Supreme Head of the Church of England.'

Council of Trent

Closed in 1563, reaffirmed Catholic doctrine on indulgences.

Important Cities

Wittenberg, Worms, Geneva, Granada, Rome, Avignon, London, Edinburgh, Istanbul, Kiev, Moscow.

Parliament

Controlled the treasury and played a vital role in English governance.

Cavaliers

Loyalists supporting the monarchy during the English Civil War.

Roundheads

Supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War.

Chronology of Events

Key historical events from the Renaissance and Reformation eras.

Religious Wars

Conflicts stemming from the Reformation that ended during Elizabeth I's reign.

Corrupt Church Officials

Many were seen as nepotistic and contributed to dissatisfaction with the church.

Indulgences

Payments for remission of sin, heavily criticized by reformers.

Intercessory

Concept that people do not need a priest to communicate with God.

Divine Right of Kings

Belief that monarchs derive authority from God.

Protestant

Branch of Christianity that separated from the Catholic Church.

Jesuit Purpose

To educate and spread Catholicism through missionary work.

Taxation for Salvation

Church's demand for payments as a means for salvation.

Extravagance Criticism

Huss's condemnation of the Church's lavish lifestyle.

Bible in Native Language

Emergence of texts in vernacular to enhance understanding.

Scripture and Reason

Principle stated by Luther that guides authority over church doctrines.

Conscience Captive to God

Luther's belief in obedience to God's word over any human authority.

Papal Authority

Luther's rejection of Pope's contradictory teachings.

Heresy

Disputed beliefs contrary to the accepted dogma of the Church.

Mary I's Persecution

Execution of Protestants to reinforce Catholicism.

Elizabeth I's Tolerance

Compromise with both Protestant and Catholic factions for peace.

Machiavelli's Contributions

Examined political power tactics, influential in modern political theory.

Biblical Teachings

Emphasis on scripture as the foundation of Christian belief.

Reformation Spark

Luther's 95 Theses initiated widespread changes in Christianity.

Wittenberg

Location where Luther posted his 95 Theses.

Significant Literature

Important writings like the 'Inferno' and 'The Prince' that shaped thoughts.

Key Dates

Remember landmark dates for unit timelines in history.

Cultural Shifts

Changes in art, religion, and politics during the Renaissance and Reformation.

Accountability Demand

Calls for church leaders to answer for their actions.

Spread of New Ideas

Influence of the printing press in disseminating thoughts and philosophies.

Social Responsibility

Humanism stresses the importance of societal and planetary well-being.

Artistic Techniques

Innovations like perspective and realism introduced during the Renaissance.

Florence's Role

Cultural center of the Renaissance, primarily due to the Medici family's support.

Moral Actions

Calls for church leaders to renounce immoral behaviors.

Religious Tolerance

Elizabeth I's approach to governance amid religious conflict.

Luther's Influence

Transformative effect on Protestantism and church reform.

Human Dignity

Central tenet of humanist philosophy.

Protestant Divisions

Emergence of various sects within Christianity due to Reformation.

Conflict Causes

Factors leading to the schism between Protestant and Catholic factions.

Popes' Authority

Questioning of the papacy's role in interpreting the Bible.

Renaissance Significance

Time of scholarly and artistic reawakening, influencing future generations.

Huss's Beliefs

Early reform thoughts forwarding social and religious critique.

Literacy Promotion

Impacts of printed texts on public literacy and education.