Grammar- Puncutation- Parts of Speech

Conjugation of ‘to be’ (verb)

Singular (present):

I am, You are, it / sing. noun is

Plural: We are, you (plr) are, they are

Singular (past)
I was, You were, it/ sing. noun was

Plural: We were, You (pl.) were, They/ Pl. noun were

Conjugation of ‘to have’ (verb)

Singular (present)

I have, you have, it/sing. noun has

Plural: We have, You (pl.) have, They/ pl. noun have

The past from of ‘have’ is always ‘had’

Group pronoun (some, several, many, others)

Group pronoun + of them = sentence

Group pronoun + of which/of whom = fragment

Prepositional phrase

A phrase that starts with a prepositional word and ends with the noun. Cannot stand alone as a sentence.

Nonessential phrase

Information placed betwen subject and the verb. Often begins with w-words (who,which). Cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. Remeber that statement that begin with w-words are never complete sentnces.

Participle phrase

Every verb has 2 participle: present and past
1) Present participles: Ends with -ing
2) Past parcitple: ends with -ed or -n

A Participle phrase starts with a participle and can be in either the present or the past.

present: Originating in South America, …

Past:/ Having originated in South America,..
However, it cannot be a complete sentence.

Gerund

It is similar to a participle in that it has an -ing to verbs. They act as noun, however.

IMPORTANT: A word that ends with -ing is not a word. A clause that contains a subject and and an -ing word rather than a conjugated verb is considered a fragment.

Conjuctions

Coordinating conjuction (FANBOYS): joins two indepedent clauses. A single clause that starts with this is not a complete sentnece.
Subordinating conjuctions: join an indepedent and a depedent clause. A clause that begins with a subordinating conjuction is not a sentence. However, if an indepedent clause is placed after it, the whole sentence will work.