Reactions

What are the reactions of Alkanes (2)

Combustion and Substitution

What do you need for a substitution reaction?

UV light

What are the reactions for Alkenes? (2)

Combustion and Addition

Types of Addition Reactions

Hydrogenation (H2), Halogens (Cl2), Hydrogen Halides (HBr), Hydration (H2O)

What is needed for a Hydrogenation Reaction

Metal Catalysts such as Nickel

Reaction of Alkenes with water (equation, use ethane)

Ethane (g) + H20 (g) → Ethanol (l), using phosphoric acid catalyst (H3PO4)

Reactions of Alcohols

Combustion, Oxidation, Esterification

Oxidation of primary alcohols (use propanol)

Propan-1-ol → Propanal → Propanoic Acid

Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols

Propan-2-ol → Propan-2-one

What is needed for the oxidation of alcohols? (oxidising agents)

- Acidified Potassium Dichromate (H+/K2Cr2O7)
- Acidified Potassium Permanganate (H+/KMnO4)

Reactions of Carboxylic Acids

Ionisation in Water, Esterification

Ionisation in Water of Carboxylic Acids (use ethanoic acid)

CH3COOH (aq) + H2O (l) → CH3COO- (aq) + H3O+ (aq) (reversible)

Esterification

Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol → Ester + water using Sulfuric Acid Catalyst (H2SO4)

Reactions of Chloroalkanes

Substitution with NaOH or NH3 (ammonia)

Substitution of Chloroalkanes

Chloroalkane + NaOH → Alcohol
Chloroalkane + NH3 → Amine

Hydrolysis of Esters

Ester + water → Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol

Degree of Unsaturation

Max number of hydrogens - actual number / 2

Acid +metal hydroxide

Salt + Water

Acid + metal carbonate

Salt + CO2 + Water

Acid + reactive metal

Salt + H2